What is the additive effect when taken simultaneously. Additive effect when taking medications with alcohol - what is it? Additive effects when combined with alcohol

Medical terminology will drive any uninitiated person crazy. In addition to prescriptions written in Latin, doctors often use completely incomprehensible phrases, assuming that any patient will understand these sophisticated terms. The additive effect is one of the absolutely incomprehensible phenomena, but let’s try to figure out what this concept is.

What does additive effect mean?

How to understand what such a complex concept means? It's actually quite simple. The additive effect is the total effect of all medicines and procedures prescribed by a doctor to achieve maximum health results. For example, the use of nitroglycerin in combination with beta-blockers for coronary heart disease or chlorpromazine in combination with anesthesia drugs is widespread.

Each of these medications, taken separately, will undoubtedly lead to a positive result in treatment, however, side effects drugs will also occur.

The use of medications in symbiosis will not only increase mutual influence, but will also significantly weaken the negative effect on the body.

However, everything needs to be approached with a reasonable amount of common sense. The additive effect is undoubtedly considered a godsend in the world of medicine, however, this beneficial interaction can bring sad consequences. We are talking about the mutual influence of drugs and alcoholic drinks.

Medicines and alcohol

If in traditional medicine the additive effect of drugs is used exclusively for the benefit of the patient, then when taking medications together with alcoholic beverages, no positive aspects Such a symbiosis could not be found. Scientists who have been studying the combination of properties of various substances for many years have successfully proven the potentiating effect of alcohol on medications. It turns out that ethanol can enhance the effect so much at first glance safe drug that it becomes not useful for the body, but extremely dangerous.

The following question immediately comes to mind: why can’t this effect of alcohol be used exclusively for positive purposes? If alcohol can enhance the effect of a medicine, then is it possible to take a smaller dosage of the drug and thus save money?

1. The additive effects of some medications with alcohol can be fatal.
2. Some drugs are completely lost therapeutic effect if you take the tablet with alcohol.
3. A number of drugs, when combined with ethanol, lead to irreversible health consequences, loss of ability to work, and disability of the patient.

How it manifests itself

Sudden poor health due to taking a serious dose of alcohol will surprise few people - just think, you feel dizzy or nauseous. Many attribute this effect to the action of alcohol. And it’s rare for a person who has had too much to remember that literally in the morning he took medicine for a headache or a strong sedative. And the intoxicated brain will definitely not be able to comprehend the fact that the union of alcohol and medicine is to blame.

Understanding the question of how the additive effect manifests itself in people, it is worth saying that it can be expressed not only in nausea and severe headaches. The worst thing is the absence of pronounced signs of intoxication.

The blissful sleep that comes after a sleeping pill washed down with a glass of light wine can be the last in a person’s life. This, of course, is the saddest scenario. How do you feel about such an effect as pregnancy as a result of a decrease in the contraceptive properties of an oral contraceptive after drinking with friends and having sexual intercourse? The option, frankly, is more preferable than a lethal outcome, but the negative consequences for the development of the unborn child or the psyche of the mother, who now faces a difficult choice, are no less sad.

It is impossible to foresee in advance how a drug will work and whether it will work at all after a person has drunk alcohol. It is important to understand that the additive effect of alcohol and drugs may not always immediately manifest itself as any changes in a person’s well-being or behavior, which is why it is so difficult to catch the development of complications at an early stage.

Consequences

Most people are very calm about the combination of drugs and alcohol, not even suspecting that there are groups of drugs that are strictly not recommended to be mixed with alcohol due to the onset of serious consequences for good health.

These include:

1. Sleeping pills. The additive effect of alcohol consumption is expressed in increased drowsiness, loss of coordination, development of hallucinations, and in some cases, depression of the respiratory center and death of the patient.
2. Antibiotics. In this case, the combination will lead to a weakening of the effect of the drugs and the development of microbial resistance to the action of the drugs. The treatment will be ineffective. A number of antibiotics cause a disulfiram-like reaction, that is, they block the breakdown of alcohol in the body. This causes immediate intoxication: fever appears, severe headache, vomiting, sweating increases, tachycardia may begin, and blood pressure rises. In this situation, urgent hospitalization is necessary.
3. Analgesics. The additive effect is expressed in oppression nervous system, the appearance of hallucinations, respiratory arrest.
4. Drugs that lower blood sugar. Simultaneous consumption with alcohol can provoke the development of insulin coma due to a sharp drop in sugar levels.
5. Caffeine-based drugs – pressure surge and hypertensive crisis.
6. The combination of alcohol and diuretics will cause a drop in blood pressure and fainting.
7. Medicines for the heart and vascular system. Alcohol has the property of sharply dilating and then constricting blood vessels, so in combination with a similar effect of drugs, the result can be death from acute heart failure.
8. Anticoagulants - combined use with alcohol provokes the development of internal bleeding and cerebral hemorrhage.

As you can see, almost all groups of medications have negative consequences if you mix tablets with alcoholic beverages. Naturally, the consequences may not always be so dire, however, it is advisable to conduct such experiments on your health. normal person is unlikely to agree.

It turns out that the additive effect in medical purposes– this is always maximum effect and safety. But this in no way applies to the mutual combination of alcohol and medications. In this case, the effect is always negative and there are no exceptions to this rule.

Collapse

Science, including medicine, does not stand still and develops every day. Because of this, many terms are introduced that are not always clear to a person who does not have the appropriate education. Clever phrases and terms often lead to patients making mistakes when taking any medications. Among the phrases that are incomprehensible and too difficult to understand is the additive effect of alcohol.

What does additive effect mean?

The complex concept of “additive effect” can be explained in simple words, understandable to everyone. What is this? The term refers to the overall effect of all drugs prescribed to a patient to achieve a specific treatment effect. For example, to prevent and solve problems related to the functioning of the heart muscle, adrenergic blockers and chlorpromazine are prescribed with anesthesia drugs. Their combined action produces an additive effect on the body.

Often, specialists prescribe a complex of drugs not only to achieve positive results, but also to reduce side effects for the patient. For example, when prescribing antibiotics, the doctor prescribes pribiotics, which in total gives the same additive effect.

This approach to combining drugs to enhance the effect is a kind of innovative idea in medicine. It is used only for the benefit of the patient, however, if the complex is influenced by alcoholic drinks, there can be unpleasant consequences.

Can this effect be used when taking medications along with alcohol?

Traditional medicine has revealed that the additive effect of taking medications only gives a positive effect on the body. At the same time, it is important not to drink alcohol, since under its influence you may not expect any improvement in your health. Scientists studying the properties of pharmacological agents and alcohol have proven that it can potentiate their effect, that is, enhance the effect several times. Thus, at first glance, a drug that is absolutely safe for health can become not only harmful, but also dangerous for humans.

Many experiments have also been carried out to determine whether such an action can be used ethyl alcohol for medicines for the benefit of the patient. After all, if alcoholic drinks enhance their effect so much, but smaller doses can be prescribed, significantly saving the budget of both individuals and individual states involved in the purchase of drugs. Reports speak strongly about the use of this method.

Why can't you mix alcohol and medications? Here are a few good reasons for this:

• the additive effect of alcohol-containing and pharmacological agents can lead to irreversible health consequences, including death.
• Some medications simply lose their properties or distort them if they are washed down with alcohol rather than plain water.
• Some groups of drugs with an additive effect with alcohol lead to loss of performance, disability and other complications.

How does this effect manifest itself in humans?

Often, after drinking strong drinks, each person experiences dizziness, a state of euphoria, and also slight nausea. And only after the condition begins to gradually worsen does the patient remember about taking medications shortly before drinking. These could be painkillers or sleeping pills taken the day before.

The worst thing about this situation is that the poisoning and enhancement of drugs is invisible to humans. He has no obvious signs of intoxication that could lead to the idea of ​​seeing a doctor. However, one dose of sleeping pills taken after alcohol can lead to cardiac arrest during sleep.

The impact of alcoholic beverages can lead not only to irreparable changes in the body, but also to the beginning of a new life. Unwanted pregnancy It can also happen when a woman who has drunk alcohol takes oral contraceptives. Pills, which must be taken on a strict schedule due to their hormonal effects on the body, simply stop working on days of drinking.

The tablets stop working on days of drinking alcohol

Possible complications and consequences

Conducted opinion polls suggest that most people neglect the possible additive effects of alcohol and medications. They continue to mix these two substances without fear of possible complications. And they really can happen, even if the usual headache pill was taken long before the planned drinking.

• Sleeping pills. When combining ethyl alcohol and medications intended to solve problems with restless sleep or insomnia, increased drowsiness may occur. A person may briefly lose orientation in space, have difficulty coordinating their actions, and hear and see hallucinations. Occasionally, due to a large dose of drugs, deterioration in the functioning of the respiratory centers and death may occur.
• Antibiotics. The simultaneous use of antibiotics and alcohol-containing substances leads to the complete destruction of the drug and its inactivity. Thus, microflora dangerous for the patient will continue to develop.
• Some groups of medications are capable of blocking the breakdown of ethyl alcohol, which is a kind of unintentional coding. If you drink alcohol after them, you may experience fever, chills, nausea, cardiac dysfunction, and rapid breathing. In this case, it is important to call a doctor in time and not refuse hospitalization.
• Analgesics. The additive effect of analgesics with alcohol is the formation of a distorted reality in the patient. He experiences auditory and visual hallucinations. In this case, the central nervous system is depressed, respiratory arrest and death are possible.
• Medicines that reduce sugar. Taking medications to reduce sugar and strong drinks creates an additive effect, which consists in the development of insulin coma. This occurs due to a sharp drop in a person's blood sugar levels.
• Preparations with caffeine lead to a sharp rise in blood pressure and possible hypertensive crisis.
• Medicines for elimination excess liquid from the body and reducing edema can cause fainting and a sharp rise in blood pressure.
• Ethyl alcohol can either dilate or constrict blood vessels. The combined effect of pharmacological drugs for the heart muscle and blood vessels with a similar effect leads to death due to acute heart failure.

As can be seen from the above, almost all groups of pharmacological agents have their own side effects when combined with alcohol. Knowing about them, you can prevent unpleasant and sometimes sad consequences and stop risking your life for a couple of glasses of wine.

Thus, we can summarize the influence of the additive effect of drugs on the human body. If the doctor's instructions are fully followed, medications can improve the condition and fight diseases. Combined drugs reduce side effects and become safer. This does not apply to the combination of alcohol and medications, since in any case their additive effect is either zero or leads to a number of complications and even death.

Possibility of additive action chemical substances taken into account in combination when assessing the air environment and during design industrial enterprises.[ ...]

With such additive action, the mechanisms of toxic action of insecticides are the same and each compound can be replaced by a proportional amount of the other in the mixture without changing its toxicity.[...]

With independent additive action, compounds influence the enzyme system independently of each other and have various mechanisms toxic effect.[...]

In the coagulating action of a mixture of electrolytes, three phenomena are distinguished: additivity - when electrolytes act on the sol independently of one another; antagonism - electrolytes seem to oppose each other and for coagulation of the sol more of them are required than with additive action; synergism -■ electrolytes seem to help each other and less is required for coagulation than in the case of additivity. [...]

As for the combined effect of substances characterized by a sanitary-toxicological sign of harmfulness, it should be taken into account that, based on long-term observations and experimental studies in the field of occupational hygiene and industrial toxicology, the opinion has been established that a simple summation of the effect of the combined action of substances with narcotic properties is the most common and can be taken as a basis practical activities(N.V. Lazarev, T.A. Shtesel, etc.). The possibility of taking into account the combined effects of toxic substances on the basis of the principle of simple (additive) summation of the effect was indicated at the International Symposium on Maximum Permissible Concentrations and Toxic Substances in Prague (1959). Stockinger and Woodward (USA), emphasizing that the additive effect of toxic substances is the rule, and synergism and antagonism are the exception, noted that carefully conducted studies indicate only an additive effect.[...]

In general, with the combined effect of harmful factors environment either a simple summation of effects is observed (additive effect), or a sensitizing effect (the effect of one factor enhances the effect of the second, although the first does not have a harmful effect), or a coalition effect (a new biological effect is recorded that is not inherent in any of the acting agents separately).[ ...]

A mixture of thiophos and metaphos in a 1:1 ratio is characterized by an additive effect on rice weevils205 and the same effect on cholinesterase in blood serum and red blood cells in dogs20.[...]

Increased toxicity of the mixture chemical compounds as a result of enhancing the effect of its components on the animal’s body, it is called physiological type synergism. In the case when the toxicity of a mixture increases as a result of increased toxicity of its components that interact with each other, synergy occurs chemical type. A decrease in the toxicity of the mixture as a result of opposite mechanisms of action characterizes antagonism of the physiological type. The same phenomenon, which arose as a result of the interaction of the components of the mixture with each other, reflects antagonism of the chemical type. The additive effect of the mixture is especially often manifested - a simple summation of the toxic effect of the components included in the mixture and having a mechanism of biological activity independent of each other. In some cases, this effect manifests itself at lower concentration levels.[...]

Waste water can be classified as the main waste of most enterprises. Current treatment systems involve collecting, transporting, and then appropriately treating the water. At the same time, the cleaning efficiency Wastewater should be such that the residual content of contaminants is many times less than the existing maximum permissible concentrations due to the additive effect of substances with one limiting sign of harmfulness, and this is inevitably associated with large capital and operating costs. [...]

In the entomologist's reference dictionary27, synergism is explained as “the physiological action of poisons in one direction, causing an increase in the processes of poisoning the body. From the point of view of the final physiological effect, a distinction is made between normal and potentiated synergy. In the first case, the final effect is considered as a total effect; in the second it is disproportionately large.” This explanation includes the additive effect introduced by Bliss28. In the entomologist's dictionary-reference book, antagonism is understood as “the destruction or weakening of the effect of one poison by another.” [...]

Comparing the calculated and experimental data on CK50 of mixtures of TMTD and TCPM, presented in graph 1, we found that in almost all cases an additive effect of the mixture is observed for both bacteria and fungi. It was noted that with a component ratio of 8:2, 4:1), a certain tendency towards synergism was observed. This fact also occurred for the mycelium of the fungi F. oxysporum, Pénicillium sp, etc. [...]

The principle of hygienic regulation with the simultaneous presence of several harmful substances, according to which substances of one drug exhibit an additive effect (see Chapter 13, § 3).[...]

It is important to observe the principle of hygienic standards when several harmful substances are simultaneously present in water. According to this principle, substances of one LPV exhibit additive effects. This means that the total effect of two or more substances of the same LP (contained in maximum permissible concentrations each) will be the same as if any of them were present in water at singular, was contained in two or more MPCs. This provision in the Rules for the Protection of Surface Waters is recorded in the following form: when several substances with the same LW enter a reservoir, the sum of the ratios of these concentrations (C, C2,... Sp) of each substance at the design site to the corresponding MPC should not exceed one (see .§2).[...]

With wastewater from various industries, dozens of toxic substances that belong to the same class according to the limiting sign of harmfulness enter water bodies. They exhibit an additive effect. In this regard, the efficiency of wastewater treatment must ensure the residual content of pollutants at a level not exceeding their maximum permissible concentrations, reduced in proportion to the amount of ingredients contained in the waste water. This, in turn, is inevitably associated with large capital and operating costs for water treatment. The only environmentally and economically viable option is the organization of closed water and chemical systems industrial production.[ ...]

Comparison of binary mixtures of organophosphorus insecticides for toxicity to warm-blooded animals and insecticidal properties shows a lack of correlation. Thus, potentiation of toxicity was noted when insects (flies, rice weevils) were exposed to a mixture of chlorophos and methyl mercaptophos; an antagonistic effect was obtained on rats. A mixture of thiophos and chlorophos behaves similarly in the body of insects and animals; potentiation of toxicity for flies, bees and an additive effect on rats is observed. [...]

To explain the genetic nature of heterosis, a number of other hypotheses have been put forward, for example the dominance hypothesis (Johnson, Pelyu). They believed that heterosis is the effect of a combination of favorably acting dominant alleles of different loci. In other words, in heterotic organisms there is a superiority of the entire set of dominant genes over the set of recessive genes. Close to this is the opinion of L. S. Zhebrovsky, who explains the manifestation of heterosis mainly by the additive effect of positively influencing dominant genes, present in a different set in the parents and combined in the offspring. In this case, the harmful effects of recessive genes are suppressed.[...]

In practice, water bodies are contaminated by several substances simultaneously. Hygienic regulation in conditions of simultaneous (combined) pollution of water bodies by several harmful substances is carried out taking into account the combined effect of those harmful substances, for each of which the maximum permissible concentration has already been developed and justified. The effect of harmful substances of the same group according to the limiting sign of harmfulness, which are at a level close to the maximum permissible concentration, is summed up. Numerous studies have confirmed the correctness of using the principle of summation (additive action).[...]

Consequently, the maximum permissible concentration should ensure the normal course of biological processes that shape water quality and not degrade the commercial qualities of commercial organisms. In the simultaneous presence of several harmful substances, the maximum permissible concentration of each should be correspondingly reduced due to their additive effect.[...]

Acute toxicity was determined by mortality, and subacute toxicity by suppression of cholinesterase activity. It turned out that binary mixtures of these insecticides behave differently in the body of warm-blooded animals. [...]

Individual selection is based on deep knowledge of the individual exterior-constitutional and productive qualities, as well as the origin and results of breeding use of each queen. It requires a reasonable selection for each of them of such a sire (evaluated by offspring), in combination with which offspring of the desired qualities can be expected. At the same time, it is not always necessary to follow the rules; “like with like gives like” or “best with best gives better.” They would be true if there were only one principle in nature that determines compatibility - the principle of the additive action of hereditary factors. But since there are other forms of interaction between them, as well as between organisms and the environment, the problem of selection turns out to be more complex. Animals for mating should not be selected according to a pattern (best to best), but those that can produce the best offspring. The approach to breeding work should be creative, and the goal is not only to repeat (copy) existing types of animals, but also to create, through selection, new, more valuable forms and types.[...]

It should be especially emphasized that the available experimental data on the influence of individual abiotic factors of the aquatic environment on the life activity of fish were obtained, as a rule, incidentally during the study of the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of fish adaptation to one or another factor (mainly temperature and oxygen content). Although the determination of threshold and critical oxygen concentrations, for example, began back in the 40s, it was carried out without any clearly thought-out scheme, as a result of which the data available to date are difficult to compare. Experiments were carried out on fish of different ages and size, at different temperatures, pH values, carbon dioxide content, with different periods of preliminary adaptation to laboratory conditions. Very rarely the possibility of additive action, synergism and antagonism between individual factors of the aquatic environment was taken into account when they change from normal values ​​towards optimal or pessimal values. In short, there was practically no targeted development of environmental maximum permissible concentrations for temperature, oxygen, pH, and ionic composition. The principles and methods for developing this problem were not clear. Moreover, the very problem of environmental MPCs in the understanding we proposed had not yet been formulated and its significance was not realized. And although they started talking about the problem of “ecological maximum permissible concentrations” in the mid-70s, from the very beginning it was formulated as a “problem of environmental regulation of pollution,” i.e., the anthropogenic factor, and not the regulation of fluctuations environmental factors aquatic environment, which in themselves can and do lead to a sharp deterioration in the living conditions of fish in a natural body of water, especially if this body of water is subject to chronic pollution.

Additive effect- a type of synergism of several drugs used in modern medicine. The effect of the total exposure is equal to the sum of the effects of each substance separately.

What is an additive effect?

Synergism (from the Greek syn - together and erg - work) is the interaction of one direction of two or more medical agents. Varieties of such interaction can be summation (or additive effect), when when drugs are used together, their effect is equal to the sum of the effects of the ingredients of the combination (for example, the introduction of non-narcotic analgesics), or potentiation, when the effect of joint action exceeds the total sum of the effects of individual drugs (for example , aminazine potentiates the effects of anesthesia drugs, which allows them to be reduced in dosage).

Full synergy represents the summation of all effects in combination (for example, non-inhalation and inhalation drugs during anesthesia), and incomplete synergy determines the summation of one effect (for example, in the case of the use of aminazine and sleeping pills only the hypnotic effect is enhanced).

The additive effect, when used adequately, allows the volume of medications to be minimized. And this is especially true when we're talking about about narcotic substances. Often, anesthesiologists use the combined effects of medications in order to reduce their amount. This, according to experts, causes minimal damage to the human body.

On the other hand, there are negative aspects to this method. The point is that the amount includes not only positive nuances, but also negative ones. For example, if one drug affects the liver, and another affects the heart, then their combined effect on the body will only double. This important factor becomes significant when the question of combining drugs arises. The doctor weighs all the positive and negative aspects, determining what will be safer for the patient.

Adaptability is characterized for substances with unidirectional effects, when the components of the mixture affect the same organs or systems of the body. For example, this effect is characterized by the narcotic effect of a mixture of hydrocarbons such as benzene and isopropylbenzene.

In traditional medicine, this aspect has been poorly studied. But in folk medicine it has been practiced for a long time as mutual neutralization and enhancement of various effects. Not everyone can do such subtleties, so without the appropriate experience and skills, it is impossible to do this.

Alcohol

Despite the factors being studied, experts have learned to use the properties of the additive effect only for the benefit of humans. But there are also factors that always have a negative impact - general interaction additive effect and alcoholic beverages. Even if you use regular aspirin, the irritating properties of the drug on the gastric mucosa will increase, while enhancing the disaggregant effect (blood thinning).

A drug like Phenazepam is generally capable of killing a person, since it is potent. And even from drinking beer, the consequences can be very serious. Most medications used for disorders of the nervous system react almost identically, so it is strictly forbidden to wash them down with even the most low-alcohol drink.

Mixing drugs, even the most harmless ones, can lead to death. What can we say about serious medications? Physical sensations from the harm caused may not be felt, but this is doubly dangerous. Since it is very difficult to identify complications. The human body suffers greatly.

The additive effect with alcohol always carries only negative consequences. Therefore, you should not even mix any medications with alcohol, as this will greatly harm your health.

Conclusion

In medicine, the additive effect is necessary to improve the quality of the effectiveness of medications and reduce risks. But in any case, with a complementary interaction with alcoholic beverages, the additive effect becomes vitally unsafe. Without exception, all medications that are taken with alcohol give different results, but at the same time, they are always negative.

In this regard, you should not hope that you will be lucky and this phenomenon will not harm your health. It is better not to drink alcohol if you have already taken medications. The negative consequences will be irreversible and will not bring anything good. Health is the most important thing a person has. It is easy to lose, but impossible to restore.

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Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation

Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education State Agrarian University of the Northern Trans-Urals

On the topic: “Synergy”

3rd year student Bakeev A.M.

Checked by: Ph.D. Skosyrskikh L.N.

Tyumen 2013

SYNERGISM OF MEDICINES (from the Greek synergia - cooperation, assistance), simultaneous action in one direction of two or more. substances that provide a higher overall effect than the action of each of them separately. Medicines substances can act on the same elements (direct S. l.s.) or on different ones (indirect S. l.s.). An example of direct S. l. With. can serve as a narcotic. the effect of chloralhydrite and alcohol, indirect - dilation of the pupil with atropine and adrenaline. As a result of the joint action of pharmacological synergists. the effect is of unequal strength, which depends on the properties of the substances, their doses and characteristics of the patol. state of the body. S. l. is most fully expressed. With. with a combination of substances in small doses, as well as with a combination of substances acting on different systems.

With a combination of certain medications. substances, you can get an increase in the effect of one or more of them (for example, aminazine enhances the narcotic effect of chloral hydrate). This phenomenon is called potentiation. When both substances affect the same body systems and in the same direction (for example, potentiation of barbiturate anesthesia with chlorpromazine), potentiation of cash. true. In contrast, with false potentiation it will help. the substance does not have an active pharmacological effect. action, but only weakens the decay or slows down the release of the basic. substances (eg, prolongation of barbiturate anesthesia with chloracyzine). Therefore, false potentiation is one of the forms of prolongation (long-term action)

TYPES OF SYNERGY

The phenomenon of synergy is defined as the unidirectional effect of drugs when administered together. In this case, one drug enhances or promotes the action of another.

The following types of synergy are distinguished:

summation;

potentiation;

additive effect;

sensitizing effect;

temporary synergy.

Summation

The development of this effect is observed in cases where the effect of a combination of drugs is equal to the sum of the effects of each component. This can be schematically represented as follows:

Effect of drugs A + B =

the effect of drug A + the effect of drug B.

Table 22

Summation of drug effects

Thus, upon summation, the required pharmacodynamic effect can be achieved using

lower doses of drugs when used together. The effect of summation of the action of drugs is used in practical medicine to reduce the possible occurrence of unwanted side effects, since the lower the dose, the less likely it is to develop undesirable effects. Examples of summation of the therapeutic effects of JIC are presented in Table 22.

Potentiation

This phenomenon is observed if the effect of a combination of drugs is greater than the sum of the effects of each individual drug, which can be schematically expressed as follows:

Action of drugs A + B > action of drug A + action of drug B.

The phenomenon of potentiation provides, to a greater extent, all the advantages of the summation effect when drugs are administered together.

Examples of potentiation of drug effects are presented in Table 23.

Table 23

Potentiation of drug effects

Additive action

In this type of interaction, the pharmacodynamic effect of the combined action of drugs is lower than the sum

ma of the individual effects of each drug, but higher than the effect of each of them V separately. This can be schematically represented as follows:

Effect of drugs A+B< действия препарата А + действия препарата В,

in the same time

Action of drugs A+B > action of drug A

Action of drugs A+B > action of drug B.

This phenomenon also contributes to reducing drug doses to achieve a certain pharmacological effect.

Examples of the additive effect of drugs are given in Table 24.

Table 24 Additive effect of drugs

This phenomenon also contributes to reducing drug doses to achieve a certain pharmacological effect. ~j |

Sensitizing effect

A sensitizing effect occurs when two drugs are administered simultaneously, one of them increases the body’s sensitivity to the action of the other and enhances its effect. From the 25 examples given in table, the positive aspects of such drug interactions are visible.

Table 25

Sensitizing effect of drugs

Temporal synergy

This term defines a type of synergy in which the action of the main drug is prolonged (increased in duration). For example, epinephrine increases the duration of the local anesthetic effect of lidocaine.

Undesirable synergy

The combined use of drugs, accompanied by the effects of enhancing the action of drugs, may be undesirable. Examples are given in Table 26.

Table 26

Undesirable enhancement of drug effects associated with pharmacodynamic interactions

Continuation of the table. 26

impulse conduction blockade