Milling cutter with a cylindrical shank - GOST requirements for the tool. Wood cutters Wood cutters description

This is a reference article. The basic concepts and definitions of end mill design, as well as technical features, are listed here.

End mill design

Straight type cutting edge (straight cutting edge)– cutting edge, which is a straight line passing at an angle to the axis of the cutter. Unlike a spiral or helical cutting edge, the machined surface produced by a straight cutting edge is not flat.

Axial runout– the difference between the minimum and maximum readings of the indicator (micrometer) installed along the outer diameter of the cutter on its cutting part, when it rotates.

A - cutter diameter
B - shank diameter
C - Cutting length
D - Overall length

Sharpening corners- a short beveled section located at the convergence of the end and cylindrical surfaces of the cutter. Performed to strengthen the cutter and to avoid breaking the protruding sharp corners cutting edges.

Chipbreakers– protrusions and depressions of a special shape on the front surface, causing the chips to curl and break off.

Chip splitters– notches in the form of grooves and notches located along the periphery of a corn-type end mill, made to produce narrower chips. Applicable for roughing.

Core diameter– the diameter of the cylinder (or cone, for conical cutters) formed by the tangents at the points of greatest depth of the chip flutes.

Pruning– the entry point of a groove cutter or grinding head when grooving an end mill during its manufacture.

Cutting edge– the cutting part of the tooth itself. It is the intersection of two well-treated surfaces at a given angle, usually not exceeding 90 degrees.

Cutting edge angle– the angle between the cutter axis and the cutting edge.

Variable tooth pitch cutter- a cutter designed in a special way to reduce vibration and chatter during the cutting process. The effect is based on the fact that with this arrangement of teeth, the harmonics of tooth vibrations do not overlap each other.

Approach angle (sometimes entry angle, attack angle)– the closer this angle is to 90 degrees, the higher the impact load on the tool.

Radius of curvature at the base of the flute- radius in the same place where the diameter of the core is measured.

Chip flute- a channel-cavity in the body of the cutter in the space between the teeth, which ensures the removal of chips out and is used for sharpening the tool. The number of flutes directly corresponds to the number of teeth, which in turn determines the feed rate.

Flute length– length of the groove or groove. Often incorrectly used to mean "cutting length".

Shank- part of the cutter that serves to clamp in the machine chuck and transmits rotational movement from the spindle to the cutting part of the cutter.

Straight shank– a cylindrical shank with or without grooves or grooves. A very common solution for carbide end mills.

Weldon shank (Weldon)– industrial name special type shank with a flat flat, which serves to prevent the tool shank from slipping in the chuck.

Tooth– a convexity on the body of an end mill with a cutting edge on it.

Front surface– the surface of the cutter tooth that is in direct contact with the workpiece.

Retreat (p Rome. transl.)

There is a front surface of the tooth (which the cutter uses to cut into the workpiece) and a back surface (opposite to it). At the junction of the front and rear surfaces, a platform is made parallel to the machined surface (the surface after the cutter passes). After the platform, to reduce friction, the back surface is “lifted” away from the workpiece so that they do not rub against each other, causing heating. There can be up to 3 back surfaces (in Russian practice - usually 1 or 2). Each of them is slightly beveled relative to each other. When sharpening a cutter, if the back surface is flat, the cutter is sharpened along the back surface, but if it is backed (not one, two or three planes at an angle to one another, like a sharpened one, but a smooth rounding - an Archimedes spiral) - then it is sharpened from the front surfaces.

There is a kind of “Platform” with similar functions on the side surface of cutters and drills (they are structurally similar) - but we call it “Ribbon”.

Sharpening a tool (video)

The video shows the tool being sharpened. The end surface is processed first, and the side surface at the end. First, a platform is made on all four teeth, then the primary back surface is made (the back of the tooth along with the platform is cut off), then undercuts are made, after which ribbons are made on the side surface.

Milling cutters for a hand router are the most popular on at the moment type of equipment with which conventional wooden blocks turn into a work of art. Let's look at the main differences between wood cutters and their division into classes and types.

Slot cutters

They are also called end ones, can withstand radial loads and are designed for drilling slots.

Straight slot cutters

They have parallel cutting edges that, when rotated, outline a cylindrical surface. They process straight grooves, and in combination with a copy sleeve, thin ones of this type are suitable for cutting curved flat workpieces according to a template. Their dimension is determined by the diameter and length of the cutting part.

Fillet V-groove cutters

They leave a straight groove with a corner at the bottom. A similar profile is applicable as an element of decorative carving or as a kind of guide for moving, for example, a drawer, which is sometimes found in old furniture.

Structural groove cutters

Designed for making connections, for example " dovetail", or an inverted T-slot.

The same cutter can be used to produce simple box joints for lightly loaded boxes, such as boxes. Their dimension is determined by the maximum diameter, angle of inclination and height of the working part.

Let's start with a review of combined frame cutters from Anchor.

Milling cutters for micro-tenon splicing, or “mouse tooth”

Typically used for splicing long workpieces lengthwise. But such cutters can also be used in other ways: attaching a face to the end to obtain decorative effects or make wide panels.

Shaped slot cutters

As the name suggests, they are designed for grooves with shaped side surfaces. Of course, when using rip fence or a copy sleeve, it is quite possible to process the edges of workpieces with them.

The choice of such cutters is quite large, and the dimension is defined as the largest diameter, the radii of the side recesses or convexities and the height of the cutting part.

Milling offers almost unlimited possibilities for processing workpieces. Creating edges, grooves, or grooves different depths and shapes - for each of these operations there are different types of wood cutters that allow processing with maximum efficiency. In this article we will talk about what types of cutters there are and for what purposes they are used.

Tool steel is an ideal material for the production of solid cutters. The body of brazed cutters is made of structural steel, and plates made of high-speed steel and hard alloys are brazed onto the working parts of the cutter teeth. Prefabricated cutters have high-speed steel teeth or are equipped with carbide inserts. They are fastened using various mechanical methods.

The main parameters of the cutter include:

shank diameter. This indicator is key. It shows whether the cutter is compatible with a specific router model, because not every tool comes with collets. The collet is a special bushing that compresses the shank. Collets are available in 6, 8 and 12 mm. Note that in stores you can find cutters with a 1/4 or ½ inch shank; if we convert to millimeters, we get 6.35 and 12.7 mm. These cutters are not compatible with 6mm and 12mm collets. The diameter of the shank strictly corresponds to the diameter of the collet
cutter design. They can be monolithic, prefabricated, or with replaceable blades. Often, a wood cutter is a steel “blank” with a shank to which blades are soldered. There are blades that are created in the form of removable plates with double-sided sharpening. When the edge becomes dull, the knife is simply turned over. In addition, there are solid cutters, which are created as a monolithic metal part with machined blades
types of blades. The cutter is marked “HM” and “HSS”. HM is a carbide cutter, HSS is a high speed cutter. The high-speed version is ideal for working with soft woods or aluminum. Carbide will help cope with various wood materials, including hard varieties. Most often, the position of the blades is strictly vertical, which means that they chop rather than cut material. There are also inclined or spiral knives. Such knives cut the material, therefore, with this processing, there are fewer chips along the edges, and the quality of processing is noticeably higher.

Very often you can find cutters that are equipped with a small bearing mounted flush with the blades on top or bottom. The bearing provides minimum costs time to perform precise edge milling, because there is no need to tinker with stops to guide the tool smoothly: the bearing itself rests on the “edge” of the workpiece and, therefore, creates an accurate direction for the router.

Purchasing cutters individually is quite expensive. It's better to buy a set right away. A set, of course, has a higher cost than one cutter, but if you buy the same cutters separately, you will spend much more. There are many such sets and they are sold in any store. Let's look at the five most common sets from the Diold company:

The first set has six edge cutters with radii of 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 10 mm, equipped with a support bearing at the bottom. The shank of all cutters has a diameter of 8 mm
The second set contains 12 cutters. By purchasing the set, you will receive two edge cutters with a radius of 6.35 and 9.5 mm and with a support bearing; one figured with two radii of 4 mm and with a support bearing; three end mills having a diameter of 6, 12 and 16 mm; one end with a diameter of 12.7 mm; one corner (90 degree angle) with an outer diameter of 12.7 mm. The set also contains one groove cutter with a radius of 6.35 mm; one end radius with a radius of 6.35 mm and a support bearing; one end mill with an angle of 45 degrees with a support bearing, as well as one slotted (dovetail) with an end diameter of 12.7 mm and an angle of 14 degrees. Such a large set will become faithful assistant a novice carpenter, because he will help implement different types work on creating simple pieces of furniture
the third set contains 16 items. It is very similar to the previous one. In addition to those described above, in the set you will see end mills with a diameter of 3 and 12.7 mm; slotted with a radius of 3.2 mm and a special drill with a diameter of 6.3 mm
the fourth set is for professional craftsmen. The set contains 12 reinforced cutters with all the functions of the second set
The fifth set has some similarities with the fourth, but includes 20 cutters of a reinforced design with a wide variety of characteristics and the addition of an end groove cutter with a width of 9.5 mm and a diameter of 32 mm. The set is also intended for professional craftsmen.

In addition to the sets described above, the Diold company has 10 more sets equipped with cutters in various combinations. The choice of sets is quite wide, any master will choose the right one for himself.

Types of cutters for a router

A hand router is an indispensable thing in household. It, like any other serious tool, has a variety of accessories, with the help of which simple wooden blocks become a work of art. Next, we will talk about the most popular types of wood cutters today, their purpose and application.

The groove cutter for wood has several modifications:

straight groove cutter. It has parallel cutting edges, which during rotation outline a surface in the shape of a cylinder. These cutters are designed for cutting straight grooves. If you skillfully combine them with a copy sleeve, you will be able to carefully cut curved flat blanks according to the template. The size of these cutters is determined by the diameter and length of the cutting part
fillet V-groove cutter. It leaves a straight groove with the bottom of the corner. This profile is used as an element of decorative carving or as a special guide for moving, for example, a drawer, which can be found in old furniture
structural groove cutter. It is designed to create joints such as dovetails or inverted T-slots. The same cutter will help to obtain ordinary box joints for lightly loaded boxes, such as boxes. The size is determined by the largest diameter, angle of inclination, as well as the height of the working part
cutter for splicing onto a micro-tenon, or “mouse tooth”. Such cutters are used in the process of joining long workpieces in length. However, there is another use for such cutters: they will help attach faces to the end to obtain decorative effects or create wide shields
shaped groove cutter. The task of this cutter is to create grooves with shaped side surfaces. Naturally, with the use of a rip fence or a guide bush, these cutters can handle the edges of the workpiece. Also, some of these cutters are quite suitable for forming large-area recesses, for example, compartments in boxes, recesses in non-round saucers, wooden trays and other similar works.

Wood end mills are the most versatile tools for woodworking. The stores offer a huge number of models that are designed for a variety of work related to processing different varieties timber and products made from it different designs. However, despite the versatility of this type of cutter, choosing the right one at the same time quality option quite problematic. End mill looks like a drill that is fixed in a spindle milling machine. The cutter itself is characterized by the presence of several cutting edges located on the side or at the end. Most often, a spiral cutter for wood is made of high-strength steel. In addition, to ensure additional protection, the working part of the cutter is coated with Teflon non-stick coating.

Also, a spiral cutter is perfect for plunge milling. Spiral cutters are characterized by low wear and reduced shock loads on the milling machine.

Wood edge cutters come in the following types:

straight edge cutter. Absolutely all edge cutters have a bearing, which during operation rolls the edge of the part. Note that the working (cutting) part is located above or below the bearing. Straight edge cutters are very popular when working with templates. The bearing can be located at the top or bottom. Cutters with a lower bearing are cheaper, but during operation the workpiece is located between the template and the router, which does not make it possible to carry out processing in two depth passes, whereas with an upper bearing this is possible. The main characteristics of these cutters include the working length, working diameter, as well as the bearing diameter, which often differs from the working one. It is more convenient to purchase cutters that have the same diameters; this will make it easier to create and install the template on the workpiece
shaped, or moulding, edge cutter. There is a wide variety of such cutters. The edge profile is selected according to the appearance of the product. Their size depends on the height of the working part, as well as the largest diameter and radius of curvature that they make. If there are several curves in a profile, the profile of the largest of them is most often indicated. Very rarely, you come across adjustable molding edge cutters. In such cutters it is possible to adjust the distance between the working parts
disk cutter for wood. It is designed for rebating. The main difference from straight groove cutters is that disk cutters are based on the edge with a bearing, as a result of which the groove selected by it is more accurate in relation to the edge of the workpiece. However, their cost is higher than straight grooved ones. Most often, these cutters are made adjustable so that you can choose a groove of different depths or widths. A set of such cutters contains bearings of different diameters or a stack of thin cutters on an axis, so the height can be changed by disassembling the cutter and removing excess disks
curved edge cutters. There is a bearing at the end of such cutters, but the shape of their edges is somewhat more complex than that of shaped edge cutters, with a greater height. They are used to create baguettes and in the process of processing the edges of panels, baseboards, and façade frames. These cutters are also available without bearings. With such a cutter you need to work with a rip fence or a copy sleeve and a template
horizontal figurine cutters. They help in decorative milling of panel edges. As a result of their significant diameter, weight and cutting force, they are produced only with a 12 mm shank and can only be used in a table, that is, provided that the router is stationary. There are cutters that consist of two cutting discs and are capable of processing both sides of the panel in one pass.

It turns out that buying a milling machine is only half the battle. If you intend to fully work with wooden products, then you should also purchase appropriate and high-quality cutters, each of which is used for specific tasks.

Processing manufactured parts with a milling machine offers many possibilities. Parts with the necessary grooves and grooves various shapes necessary for high-quality finishing. Operations involving manual woodworking equipment are performed with a special tool - cutters. Each type of action involves a separate type of equipment used.

Classification and types of cutters for wood processing

Power tools for working with lumber – milling cutter manual type. The surfaces of parts made of wood are subject to work performed using special devices. The manufacture of products that require the necessary grooves, recesses and recesses involves the use. Before you begin, you need to purchase equipment designed for specific purposes according to the product configuration.

The choice of tools for processing wood occurs according to the specifications of the crafts. Professionals have sufficient experience and skills to use necessary equipment. A wood cutter has many purposes:

In edging, it is used to join workpieces together by splicing grooves.
Making recesses for use, installation of hinges, and other devices.
Making decor - in this case, a cutter is used to make a design or in woodworking processes with a complex configuration.

The tool differs greatly in the type of configurations and purpose. Before starting any actions with wood, it is necessary to determine the type and types used for the preparation. The unit of measurement for the tail is calculated in millimeters or inches, depending on the type of router used. Common options are types of cutters with a diameter of 6 to 12 mm. It is worth emphasizing that the use of an inch collet and a millimeter tail is unacceptable, as this can cause equipment failure or injury.

Manufacturers of the kits provide various modifications. On construction market There is a large selection of types of hand router cutters, depending on the purpose and the material used in the manufacture. Equipment hand-held device can be used for processing plastic and metal, but is most widespread in wood processing. The main types of wood working.

The production of grooves and the formation of recesses are carried out using end milling cutters.
Grooved, the cylindrical wood cutter used processes the required rectangular groove.
Wood shaped tools are used in shaped recesses and edges, allowing you to add uniqueness to the product.
The edges are made in a bearing design, which allows the product to be manufactured according to a template.

It is important to remember that the presence of a bearing in hand cutter implies it maintenance. It is necessary to lubricate the rotating element with a thin layer, this action performed to ensure long tool life.

End mills

The end devices are similar in design and appearance to a conventional drill. Distinctive feature is the absence of a conical part at the end of the cutter. On the end part, located at an angle of 90 degrees to the sides, cutting teeth are made. Design feature allows you to perform various operations. The main types of work performed include:

Manufacturing of products with grooves of a certain depth and through holes.
Cut out the products.
Drilling or processing the edges of a part.

The main functions of a manual milling cutter type include obtaining grooves for locks and hinges installed in doors in the part. The kit is multifunctional; with the help of prepared equipment and a competent approach, you can perform many interesting elements.

Edge cutters for wood

Edge tools are used to produce various types of edges and recesses. Wood products can be processed manual router with edge cutters for complete processing. The edge type is the most common in use and has many modifications:

Profile sets process parts in such a way as to give the required form edges.
With moulders, it is possible to round the edge of a part by a quarter of a circle.
Conical ones remove a chamfer, the angle of which is often 45 degrees.
Disc ones are used for making chamfers in parts, making subsequent connections possible.
Folded ones process the part from the edge, leaving a quarter of the height.
Fillings are necessary for making a groove, which is drawn into a quarter circle.

Wood edge cutters used for hand routers are often equipped with a bearing, the function of which is to limit the depth necessary processing. The overhang of adjustment of the processing area is made by adjustment on the tool itself. Machining large parts requires many attempts. A hand router is used to work on wood in several stages until the thrust bearing begins to operate.

Groove cutters for wood

The main purpose of the type of grooves for wood is to make grooves using hand power tools. There are enough varieties of devices; a groove cutter allows you to perform operations on wood with a hand router. Main types of slot cutters:

Spiral, drill-like, formed with an outer type helical edge. They make it possible to produce parts with recesses and grooves with right angles.
Fillet - made with a rounded tip.
Conical ones are often used for operations with planes.
Shaped ones allow you to make recesses of the required structure.
"T" shaped, dovetail cutters.
Combined ones are used when joining large wooden parts.

Most types are made in a monolithic format; accessories made of carbide metal are less common.

Copy cutters

The least common type of attachment when performing woodworking tasks with hand-held tools are copy cutters. Distinctive features are the numerous types of cutting elements, different locations of thrust bearings and small sizes. The milling head for wood crafts is arranged in the shape of an arc. The depth into the part depends on the machining angle.

Using a tool according to a template allows you to achieve the desired result when working with wooden blanks. It is necessary to use a hand router with precision and caution; failure to comply with the requirements may lead to damage to the part or electrical equipment.

Designs of cutters and their influence on the technology of milling operations

The instruments under consideration are divided into several main categories, classified by type and purpose. They perform their functions not only under axial load, but have the ability to move during operation due to the presence of side edges. Cutting edges, or rather their number, directly depends on the quality of the actions performed by a manual router.

The tool used for processing is considered to be a manual milling cutter. There are crown-type tools; they allow you to perform work with an ordinary drill. In this case, the milling head used for wood performs the role of processing edges and making simple holes.

The design and production of products with grooves of the required depth and size is carried out using end mills. Knives used for wood milling are subject to considerable loads. Preventing unnecessary machining is achieved through the use of bearings. Hand router end mills allow you to create joints wooden structures using a tongue/groove system.

To make the necessary hole in the tree, you will need a burr. In most cases, such a tool is used for intermediate processing. The cutters allow you to “open” the hole to the required depth, after which further actions are performed.

Types of cutter design

There are many designs and varieties of equipment for a manual woodworking machine. When choosing a tool, you should pay attention to the purpose and design of the equipment. The sharpening shape of cutters can be of two types - screw and straight. Using a straight sharpening form can lead to rapid damage to the equipment, and the final product may end up with gouges and burrs.

For woodworking with a hand router, the most the best option becomes the use of a tool with a helical line of teeth. The only drawback is that sharpening is impossible with improvised means; to restore its former sharpness, you need to use special equipment. When using cutters for working with a hand router on wood, you should pay attention to the sharpening angle. Wooden surface in the best possible way is processed with a tool whose sharpening angle is no more than 90 degrees. The design provides for efficient chip removal, thereby achieving maximum tool performance.

Prefabricated

The most common type on the market is prefabricated. Consists of a blank with welded edges on top. Simple manufacturing makes them most attractive to the manufacturer. The relatively low price allows you not to waste time on sharpening, but simply replace it with a new one if it loses its sharpness.

With replaceable cutting edges

Cutters with replaceable edges. They have replaceable cutting edges; when the knife loses sharpness on one side, it is possible to turn the tool over and continue working.

Monolithic

Monolithic cutters have cutting edges at the base. They are characterized by increased strength, however, after short work and subsequent sharpening, the part quickly loses its cutting properties.

Types of cutter blades

The materials used in the manufacture of wood cutters differ in some characteristics. The first type of material is high-speed steel. Products that are made from of this material, are marked with HSS symbols. Hand tools, using this type of equipment, it will be easy to process soft wood. Thanks to the sharpened properties, the working speed increases in relation to the solid cutter.

The cutting part can be made of carbide metals. Such products are designated HM and are primarily used in the processing of hardwood. Distinctive feature is strength and resistance to elevated temperatures. It will be difficult to qualitatively process soft wood with such a cutter, since the frequency of operations performed is noticeably different from high-speed materials.

Functional cutter sets

You can often find functional sets on sale that consist of two or more elements. IN this set includes accessories and attachments for a wood router. The main purpose of such kits is to process two or more parts to obtain similar connections. For example, there is a set of 2 cutters, one of which forms an edge inside the product, and the second allows you to make a groove part.

There are universal options that, thanks to their design, can be used for various purposes. The collapsible part involves replacing the cutter blades, after which work with wood is carried out.

It is worth noting that the presence of a table for storing all types of equipment accessories will reduce the time for the actions performed, and it is also possible to build something like a milling machine. By installing movable stops on the table, the master expands the range of possibilities of the tool for woodworking.

Areas of application

The use of any type of equipment involves dangerous work with rotating elements. When working with wood, you must remember safety precautions. Complex elements cannot be completed in one approach; the edges of the cutter must be sharpened for the best result.

When getting started, you should understand what type of cutter you need to use. The tool of the edge category has become very widespread. This category makes it possible to perform almost all types of woodworking with your own hands. Slotted or cylindrical cutters are used mainly for making recesses at the ends of the material.

How to choose a wood cutter for a hand router

The choice of cutters on the building materials market is very rich. The price range is varied; it is not always possible to determine whether the purchase is being made correctly. It is necessary to adhere to several basic conditions for the right choice wood cutters.

Quality. It is worth paying attention to appearance details. The product must be without burrs, have high-quality threads and seats.
Thermal strength is indicated in the passport; the higher, the better and more reliable for further use.
The solder material, as well as the connection between the tail and the part responsible for cutting.

The quality of soldering of the product plays an important role when working with lumber. Then, when working with hard wood, a certain margin of safety of the tool is required. Solder is divided into types and brands; when purchasing, you need to pay attention to its quality in the cutter. It is advisable to pay attention to a tool whose solder grade is not lower than PSR 37.5. The higher the number, the better performance reliability, quality of parts. The brand is indicated by the amount of copper and silver in its composition. When connecting by welding, using a router becomes unsafe and pointless.

Monolithic cutters must be inspected before use. The quality of the metal is determined by the cut. If noticeable scratches or cracks appear, then you should put this tool aside. The optimal metal hardness is from 58 units. The quality of work performed with a manual router directly depends on the availability of devices and kits.

Selection the necessary tool the right way to good results when working with wood. A cutter made for a wood router must meet all standards and be of high quality. There are many kits that are designed for woodworking. A high-quality kit guarantees not only completed tasks, but also safe operation.

In this article we will look at the main characteristics of choosing cutters for different tasks.

To perform various types of tasks, it is necessary to select a milling tool based on the following characteristics:

Shank diameter.

For each size, corresponding clamping collets are manufactured. When choosing cutters, you need to pay attention to the units of measurement for the shank diameter - inches or millimeters. It depends on what bushings are included with the router in which the shank is clamped. Although there is a slight difference, a millimeter shank is not compatible with an inch collet, and vice versa. The machine shaft rotates at a speed of up to 25,000 rpm, so the slightest discrepancies will lead to vibrations that shorten the life of the milling cutter, destroy bearings, foundations and reduce the quality of processing.

Length of cutter and cutting base.

There are both long and short cutters.

The standard length of the cutter can be from 60 to 210 mm, the cutting base - from 15 to 125 mm. Long cutters can have either a shortened cutting part or a shank comparable to the length. Such cutters are usually used for roughing. The length of this cutter is from 105 to 250 mm, the cutting base is from 55 to 140 mm.

Short cutters can process various materials, depending on the task, but, as a rule, are used for roughing. The length of the short cutter is from 60 to 205 mm, the length of the cutting base is from 15 to 120 mm.

Alloy.

Milling cutters are made of solid carbide (or high-speed steel) or with carbide tips. The former have extreme precision when processing material and guarantee high quality execution (the most common type). The latter reproduce different cutting edge geometries. Metal brazing can handle most milling jobs adequately. They stay sharp longer than high-speed steel cutters, but they also have difficulty sharpening.

Chip removal.

According to this characteristic, cutters are divided into:

Single pass with chip removal up– thanks to the single edge and the capacious groove, the chips do not melt during milling and do not stick to the cutter. This type ensures long chips.
Double-thread with chip removal up– used for finishing workpieces with the formation of thin chips in the bosom of the grooves. They are widely used for high-precision finishing of the surface of a product, obtaining a clearer and even cut due to the extreme rigidity of the structure.
Three-start and four-start with chip removal up- provide maximum speed processing of the product due to the large number of working edges.
With chip removal downwards– used when processing single-layer material. Cutters with bottom chip removal create a kind of pressure on the material from above, so when working with this type, you can not use additional clamps so that the product does not move during operation.
With straight knives– used for multi-layer surfaces. They work great for punching grooves into material cavities, which is why this type of cutter is often called a mortise cutter.

Tips for choosing cutters

To prevent cutters from wearing out in advance, it is necessary to use them correctly and in accordance with the assigned tasks. For example, high-speed steel cutters are suitable for finishing soft wood. It is also worth paying attention to the type of cutter material - the hardness of the cutter should be higher than the hardness of the material being processed. For example, hard wood requires carbide cutters.

The soldering material of the cutter is also important. Brass is the cheapest of all alloys, and therefore less wear-resistant, as opposed to bronze or an alloy containing silver.