How to determine the depth of a well for a suburban area.

In order for the well to personal plot worked fully, it needs to be installed stationary pump. And this cannot be done if there are no indicators on its depth. When a professional company is engaged in creating a well, the well depth parameters are entered into a special technical passport. Otherwise, you will have to think independently about how to measure the depth of the well.

Its depth depends on the type of well.

Well Depth Measuring Technology

To determine the parameter of interest accurately, you should have:

Tools for measuring a well: a cord with a weight and a construction meter.

well passport;
pump or motor pump;
ruler or construction meter;
cord;
metal weight.

If, after all, the well was organized to order, then there will be no problems with the passport, since the working team issues it without fail. The first step is to read the document. Each company can have an individual form to fill out, but with certain standard indicators:

the depth at which it is located aquifer;
well depth;
casing pipe diameter parameter;
indicator for the level of the aquifer.

From such technical passport you can take measurements of the well depth. But this document will only be available if the drilling was done professionally.

But when independent work such a passport will not be available. But you can deal with this issue yourself.

The measuring work looks like this:

Measuring the depth of the well with a special reading device.

To measure the depth of the well, a prerequisite is good dry weather, preferably at the end of summer. It was during this period that the level groundwater is at a minimum level.
Using a ruler, the diameter of the well is measured. Next, a weight is tied to the end of the rope and lowered into the well. The descent must be carried out until the cord loosens the tension, that is, when the load touches the ground. After that measuring device gets it. The level at which the rope stops being wet will be the height of the water, and the dry side will indicate the statistical depth of the well. Next, using a ruler, measurements are taken of both parts. You can simplify the task. Before lowering the measuring cord into the well, colored tapes are attached at equal intervals, by counting which you can determine the depth of the well.
You also need to know the dynamic depth. For this you will already need a pump. The suction hose goes down to the very bottom, only initially you need to put a mesh filter on its end, which will prevent clogging.
Next, the device turns on, after which it waits until it pumps out all the water. When a characteristic squelching sound begins to be heard, which will indicate the completion of pumping, the pump turns off. After this, the measuring cord is lowered again into the remaining water. This indicator will mean the dynamic level.

This method is suitable for wells with an approximate depth of no more than 10 m. It is recommended that all obtained indicators be recorded on paper, this way you can make a homemade passport for the well.

It is important to know the depth of the well so that in the future you can purchase the appropriate pump that would work properly with this particular well.

Layout of aquifers.

In each area, the level of aquifers can vary significantly. If drilling work has recently been carried out in a nearby area, then the depth of deposits of such layers can be found out from the workers. Although there is no guarantee that a well with drinking water in one and another area will have the same depth.

There are always several layers of water in the ground, but you should know that not every one of them can be used in everyday life. For example, “top” water often does not meet sanitary standards.

The first layer is usually located at a depth of 4-6 m. And a special sanitary examination will help determine the quality of the water, whether it can be used for everyday needs and whether it is acceptable in the diet. Most often, the first layer is not intended for use.

The second layer can be found in the range from 10 to 18 m. This is the depth of the well that is suitable for obtaining suitable water.

If for some reason the second level cannot be put into operation, then it is the turn of the third layer. Its average depth is 25-40 m.

Most wells are not drilled below the 50 m mark, as this level is sufficient to produce usable water. Although in some areas a suitable aquifer can be found below 60 m.

Additional points

To make it easier to determine the depth of the well in the future, it is better to make notes in this journal regarding the location of the drill rod. The level of absorption of circulating fluid, the depth of soil leaching, etc. are also entered into it. When one of the aquifers is reached, a certain amount of water needs to be taken for testing by specialists. They will indicate the quality of the fluid, which will determine whether drilling should be stopped or continued.

By the way, several layers also need to be said about drilling. If the site has a large area, there is a possibility that everyone square meter may have its own levels of aquifers. Therefore, it is recommended to initially conduct reconnaissance of the area. The most basic thing you can do is talk to your neighbors who have already resolved this issue. And if you follow the technology, you need to pay attention to the following points:

terrain and ground levels;
type of soil;
are there other bodies of water in the area;
Are there any sources of pollution nearby (factories, swamps, etc.).

By the way, a significant distance must also be maintained between the wells. Otherwise, there is a risk that both wells will not fully fulfill their purpose or one of the wells will not have enough water. And the type of soil directly determines how productive the source will be and how easy it is to create the required well depth.

The presence of a well on the site will allow you to provide yourself and your family members with an autonomous water supply. Having your own water at hand is always comfortable and convenient.

A well is an amazing device that allows you to use water supply for any need and at any time, without depending on utilities. But in order for the water to be suitable for domestic purposes, the depth of the drinking water well must be observed. It is not difficult to determine it, knowing some of the nuances and conditions of cultivation.

Everyone knows that a well is a type of well, so the size can vary from minimum dimensions to large sizes deep down. In addition, the depth of the well may depend on other factors. It is worth considering each of them in detail, characteristic of Russia.

There are several reasons by which it is easy to determine the required depth:

In some cases, when all attempts to clarify at what depth to make a water source have not been successful, exploratory drilling is used. It is worth noting that this service is paid and each meter will cost you about 400-600 rubles.

Attention! Remember that there are sources that do not require and do require permission from government agencies. Thus, you can use a source without tax if it is 3-5 m deep, and wells of 15 meters or more require permission from the appropriate authority. You can check with the authorities how much the annual fee will be.

Aquifers: their types and location

It is quite easy to extract moisture from the earth, but to do this you still need to know what levels of occurrence there are; you should definitely first find the aquifer and only then start drilling.

The aquifer is divided into three types. Please note that when you try to dig a well with your own hands, you may encounter several levels of natural liquid. The first is located near the surface of the earth, its approximate depth is 3-6 meters (exactly how much depends on the terrain and geological structure). Can this liquid be called drinkable? Details can only be clarified after an examination; moreover, this layer usually does not meet sanitary standards, but such water will be ideal for watering the garden.

We continue drilling, now the aquifer can be found at a depth of 10 to 17 meters. Almost always this level of occurrence is ideal for domestic use, but it is still worth checking. However, the composition of the liquid can change depending on the time of year. In spring, the water can be filled with rainwater and precipitation. Sometimes drinking water smells like hydrogen sulfide.

The third layer can be located at a depth of 25-45 meters, which may vary depending on the type of terrain. How many meters deep into the earth do artesian levels lie on your territory can be found out from the authorities state power. In this case, your well must be permitted. It is imperative to determine the suitability of a liquid for everyday use in order to eliminate the risk of poisoning by various metals and gases.

Types of water wells

Conventionally it is customary to divide autonomous sources water supply into three types:

The Abyssinian well is located at a depth of 8-13 meters. This water supply option can be used for cooking and other household purposes. The design differs in that when precipitation falls, the perched water does not enter this layer. No matter how many of them fall out, the structure will be reliably protected.

The sand well is constructed using an auger drilling method and is located 15-20 meters below the ground surface. The water from here enters the pipeline mostly clean, since sand is an excellent natural filter. Such a source can be used both year-round and periodically.

An artesian well has ideal water quality, which is drilled to great depths. If in the private sector it is hit in the range from 15 to 50 meters, then for production purposes the source can reach 200 meters. Its service life is at least 45 years, of course, if maintenance is carried out regularly. It is worth remembering the capabilities of the source.

Attention! How long it takes to drill a source to get a perfectly pure liquid, which we call suitable for drinking, depends on the area and the needs of the owner. The lower the depth of the well, the higher the likelihood of regularly using purified moisture.

We build a well for drinking water with our own hands

It is often better to cultivate a well for everyday use with the help of special companies. They will help you determine the optimal depth and will do everything without consequences. Of course, if you have the skills to do the job, you can do it yourself. So, in the process it is necessary to act strictly in stages:

It is worth correctly determining the type of drilling of the source and how much time and effort it will require. This stage is carried out in order to facilitate your work in certain conditions, since some methods will not be appropriate due to the geological structure of the soil;
we prepare the equipment and the place where your source will be located (again, we recommend consulting with the authorities local government, they will tell you where it is best to place it;
if it is planned to install a caisson and equipment near the source, we prepare a pit of specific dimensions, how much its height will be, decide on the basis of the installed equipment;
Next, we drill the first section of the future well, then install the casing. How strong it will be depends on experience and the chosen material;
We return to drilling the next few meters. We strengthen the hole with pipes and twist them using threads (if they are prepared) or clamps;
As soon as you reach the sand or clay layer, you need to reduce the drilling speed. Here it would be advisable to start pumping and cleaning the filled pit;
a few minutes after cleaning you should see clear water. At this stage you can complete the recess and install the bottom filter, otherwise you may need to go down another 1-4 meters to get into another layer;
Now we move on to the final stage. We fix the column, check its tightness and install the cover.

In the future, you just need to equip the caisson, purchase everything necessary equipment and lay pipelines to water intake points. How long this will take depends on the employee’s capabilities.

The most important parameter of a water well is its depth. This indicator directly affects the level of water quality and prices for drilling operations. The price list of companies providing such services is focused on the depth level, and site owners do not want to pay for non-existent meters. In cases where the well is developed on its own, knowing the exact depth helps to choose the optimal pump for pumping out water.

The depth level of a hydraulic structure is influenced by how aquifers are located in a given area. Also great importance has a function that the extracted water will perform. To water your vegetable garden, you can take liquid from the upper groundwater: it can be located at a distance of 4-6 m from the surface of the earth. The horizons suitable for drinking are an order of magnitude deeper (from 15 m).

Types of wells depending on their depth

There are three main types of wells:

Abyssinian (8-12 m). The simplest hydraulic structure, suitable for independent arrangement in a country house or country house. The mine enters the first aquifer, and is usually used for irrigation and technical purposes. If you use a filter system, you can also use this water to meet your household needs.
Sandy (15-30 m). Average level well flow rate for sand is 1 m³/h, which allows providing water Vacation home or a medium sized cottage. This water can be drunk, but the source will need to be periodically cleaned to remove siltation.
Artesian (70-100 m). The high quality of the liquid extracted in this way is explained by the presence of multi-layer natural filtration. The flow rate is also pleasing - from 3 m 3 / h. Artesian water is in great demand in the medical field due to the presence of useful minerals in its composition. The invested funds are fully repaid by the longevity of the artesian source: it usually lasts for at least 60 years.

Professionals invited to work, as a rule, already have data from past geological exploration, and can provide information in advance about the approximate depth of the future well. When drilling independently, these parameters can be obtained only after reaching the aquifer. To do this, several methods of varying degrees of complexity are used.

It is also important to take into account the fact that in one area on different depths There may be several aquifers:

Verkhovodka. The layer closest to the surface of the earth, lying at a depth of 3.5-4 m. It is replenished by melting snow and rain, which explains the presence of a large amount of dirt in the water. All these impurities end up in the water as it percolates through the soil. The short distance does not allow it to be filtered. Perched water is characterized by large changes in volume: after precipitation, the level increases sharply, and during dry periods it may disappear altogether. Wells fed from perched water are used exclusively for technical purposes.

Groundwater. They lie at a depth of about 10 m. A layer of this type demonstrates greater stability compared to perched water, not drying out in frosty or dry weather. The quality of groundwater is also an order of magnitude higher, which allows it to be used both for technical purposes and for cooking.

Interstratal waters. They are located at a distance of 10-100 m from the surface of the earth. They are a kind of interlayer, separating two water-resistant layers. Most often, drinking wells are installed on this layer. This is explained high quality water and comparatively cheap (compared to the artesian layer).

Artesian waters. Usually they lie at a distance of 100 m or less from the surface. Although there are exceptions: in some areas artesian water can be found at a depth of 50 meters. Waters from the artesian layer have the highest degree of purity.

Aquifers

There are several ways to find out the approximate depth of a well before drilling:

Survey of neighbors in the area. If your neighbors use a well or well, you can always get this information from them. It’s even better if the well has technical documentation: usually not only the depth is indicated there, but also the flow rate.

Study geological research data. Such a plan is the result of engineering and reconnaissance activities carried out in the area. It contains information about the specifics of the soil and the pattern of aquifers. Having such documentation in hand, drilling a well is much easier.

Upon completion of the work, the drilling company must provide a technical passport for the finished well with its parameters. The depth of the mine is also indicated there, but some users doubt the reliability of this data.

Sample technical passport for a well

We can immediately say that serious organizations never engage in providing false indicators in order to obtain additional benefits. Therefore, in order not to worry about the result, it is better to do business with companies that have a good reputation. They will always offer customers who are too distrustful to be present during drilling. You can verify the accuracy of the information personally by counting the rods used by the drilling rig.

As for suspicious advertisements promising the construction of a well at a cheap price, it is recommended to ignore them.

This is the easiest way to determine the depth of a well or shallow well. It is implemented using a construction tape measure, a cord and a steel weight. Clear, dry weather is best for taking measurements in this way. Optimal timing– end of summer, beginning of autumn. The fact is that during this period groundwater is at its lowest level.

Tools for self-measuring well depth

Operating procedure:

Determine the diameter of the well. A ruler is used for this. This will make it possible to select a suitable load.
Lower the string with a weight at the end inside the shaft until the cord reduces its tension. This indicates contact with the bottom of the well.
Pull the string out and lay it out in a straight line on the ground. By measuring the dry part, determine the distance to the water surface. To simplify the task, before starting the procedure, the cord is equipped with colored ribbons at the same distance.
The size of the wet section of the string will indicate the volume of the source well.

Measuring the depth of the well using string and sinker

The main disadvantage of this simple way There are significant restrictions on the measured depth (no more than 10 m).

In addition, the dimensions of the wet area indicate only the static level of the well, while when installing a pump it is necessary to know the dynamic level. To determine it, a suction hose with a filter at the end is threaded inside the casing: it must reach the bottom. By turning on the pump, time the time until the water supply is completely emptied. You need to turn off the pump only after specific squelching sounds appear. After this, the depth measurement procedure is repeated again: the height of the remaining water is the dynamic level.

This tool (abbreviated as RGLM) allows you to measure wells with a depth of 10-50 m. Limitations on the diameter of the casing pipe are at least 20 mm. A hydraulic tape measure consists of a body, a reel with a speed regulator, a measuring tape and a weight with a clapper.

Instructions for using RGLM are very simple:

Insert a tape with a weight into the pipe. The load must be lowered gradually, for which there is a special regulator with a brake.
A strong pop will be a signal that the water has been reached.
After the clap, the tape measure is immediately stopped and readings are taken on the scale. They will indicate the level of the aquifer.

Measuring the depth of the well with a hydrogeological tape measure

The operation of the IUGS device is based on the principle of a reflected echo signal sent by a special emitter. After reflection from the bottom, the data is processed internally. In this way, depths of up to 80 m can be determined with an accuracy of 150 mm. The recommended casing diameter is from 60 to 150 mm.

Measuring the depth of the well with a depth gauge

The IUGS depth gauge consists of an electronic unit, an acoustic probe and an angular adapter. The latter device allows you to determine whether there are deviations from the vertical line. It is very convenient that a battery is used for power: this makes it possible to carry out work away from power lines.

Acoustic depth gauges are also very popular in the mining industry. The only drawback of devices of this type is their high cost. Purchasing such a device for domestic use is not very profitable. More practical option– rent a depth gauge.

This depth determination device is mechanical. To wind the logging cable, a reel with a measuring roller is used. It is calibrated so that there is 1 m of cable per turn. The number of revolutions of the coil indicates how deep the aquifer is. In order to carry out a visual inspection of the hydraulic structure, a portable video camera with a battery is attached to the end of the cable.

Sometimes the proposed accuracy of the logging cable is not enough. To correct the situation, the tape is equipped with magnetic marks applied at a certain pitch. A special device is used to read magnetic symbols. During operation, the cable gradually stretches, so it is recommended to update the magnetic markings from time to time.

A professional device, the principle of operation of which resembles the IUGS device discussed above.

In this case, instead of conventional sound waves, ultrasound is used for measurement. Its pulses are sent towards the obstacle, and by determining the difference between the time the signal is sent and returned, the final result is produced. Ultrasonic level meters allow you to determine the level of the medium without coming into direct contact with it. They are used to work in hard to reach places, which can include a well.

Results

The need to accurately determine the depth drinking well usually occurs in two cases. The first is when you need to check the work of the drilling company, because... The calculation for the work is carried out according to the depth of the depth. Such information will also be needed when constructing a well yourself: it will help you decide on a pump. When choosing a measurement method, take into account the required level of accuracy and your financial capabilities.

Earth is a planet of water. If you want independence, then you need your own water. If you need water, you cannot do without drilling a well on your property.
There are two types of wells for water intake: filter wells - “for sand” and deeper ones - “for limestone, they are sometimes called “artesian” wells, although professors believe that artesian wells are wells with “self-flowing” (by name French province Artois, where such wells were first drilled).

A filter (sand) well is drilled into the nearest aquifer located in sandy soils, and its depth is usually 15-30 m. Drilling a well is done quite quickly - within one to two working days.

However, these wells tend to silt up, and their service life directly depends on the thickness of the aquifer and on the intensity of operation: the more often a well is used, the longer it lasts (in practice, up to 15 years, more often - 5-8 years).

Drilling of deep (“artesian”) wells (for limestone) is carried out to the aquifer lying in the limestone at depths of 30-200 m, and they differ not only in their depth and productivity (up to 100 m3/hour), but also in the complexity of drilling. Such wells are usually drilled with a larger diameter and greater depth than “sand wells”. This is due to the large number of casing strings in the well and the higher cost, because price linear meter drilling a well directly depends on the diameter of the casing pipes and, consequently, their cost. The duration of drilling a well increases to 5 or more days, depending on the rock and depth. The cost of drilling a well with limestone is higher, but the service life is much longer - 50 years or more, since the filter in such wells is the aquifer itself (limestone) and silting does not occur.

What is the diameter of the well?

For private sand wells: 127-133 mm. For a limestone well, the diameter of the column at the top can vary from 127 to 324 mm depending on the pump performance, depth and well design. The volume of water consumption when drilling an industrial well dictates much larger diameters.

What kind of pipes are in the well?

As a rule, steel (“black”). Steel St20, seamless drawn. Connections are threaded or welded. Galvanized pipes are not suitable for the casing string of the mine - over time, harmful zinc compounds appear in the water.

Do you need plastic?

The question is, of course, interesting... On the one hand, of course - advanced technologies, but on the other hand, there are no statistics on plastic pipes, they appeared not so long ago, and how they will behave in 40 years is unknown, but a black pipe is predictable: its service life with a wall thickness of 5 mm is 50 years (at a corrosion rate of 0. 1 mm per year).

However, for discerning customers they are installed inside the casing plastic pipes(they will not save you from corrosion, but they will make the pump more comfortable to operate by cutting off particles of rust from the walls of the steel column from the expensive mechanism). Sometimes, in difficult geological conditions, a plastic column inside a steel one can be useful, i.e. plastic is not used instead steel pipes, and together with them.

Plastic instead of steel is sometimes used in small wells, but it must be approached with caution: a steel column is stronger than a plastic one and better resists soil movements.

But the “black pipe” is iron, and there is already a lot of iron in the water...

The presence of iron in water is due to the content of chemically dissolved divalent iron (in rust - trivalent) in the aquifer.

Iron or fluoride present in chemical composition water from an artesian well is determined using chemical analysis and removed using special iron removal filters (by oxidation and converting it into sediment). Filters are a necessary attribute of autonomous water supply.

What is included in the cost of drilling a well?

The drilling itself, casing the well with a pipe string, pumping to visual clean water. Express analysis is possible.

Some companies include chem. analysis of the cost of drilling a meter of well.

Chem. analysis can be included in the work of drilling a well, but it will not give a reliable and complete picture, since immediately after drilling the well still contains imported water used in drilling. Water samples for analysis should be taken after three weeks of operation, when the composition of the water is completely stabilized, i.e. It is better if the analyzes are carried out during the installation, because based on their results, water treatment equipment will be selected.

At what distance from the house is it possible to install a well?

No closer than 3 meters.

What is "arrangement"?

For year-round water consumption, the well must be completed with a buried caisson (sealed steel box) for all-season maintenance of pumping equipment. A pipeline is laid from the caisson at a depth of 1.8 m and introduced into the house. Automation is installed for uninterrupted control of the pump and filters for purifying water from the well from mechanical impurities.

Why is drilling an artillery well more expensive?

The cost of drilling a well directly depends on the price of the casing metal. The diameter of the casing depends on the depth of the well and the planned water consumption (a more powerful pump has larger dimensions).

Why do some companies drill cheaper?

1. There is an old supply of pipes left (this will not last long).
2. Light galvanized pipes are used (they are also beautifully called “anodized”). Due to the anti-corrosion coating, the thickness of the pipe can be reduced, and drilling due to metal savings will be much cheaper. In this case, the health of the customer is not taken into account, who after some time will begin to consume harmful zinc compounds with water. In addition, in acidic groundwater the column will deteriorate more quickly.
3. Some companies make it a prerequisite for the installation of their equipment or arrangement. They will take their share in this part of the estimate.
4. Small guarantee period.

Do I need a license for the right to use subsoil?

It is not needed for drilling a shallow well in sand, just like for a well. To drill an artillery well, it is necessary. But some companies act as follows: they issue two passports, one for the owner, the other for the inspection authorities. This, of course, is not good. For industrial wells, a license for environmental management is absolutely necessary. Registration of a license takes up to six months.

What if there is no water?

In exceptional cases, when drilling into sand in the specified location, there is no water, or there is not enough water - the well is regarded as an exploration well, and only 50% of the contract price is charged.

Which pumps are better?

A recognized leader in its field, a German company Grundfos has already has been manufacturing its pumps from corrosion-resistant stainless steel for thirty years. Although there are options, pumps from Italy are also good, and the cheapest is our “Malysh”.

Is it possible to clear a silted shallow well?

Yes, you can. Repairing sand wells requires special tools. There is a restoration method by flushing the filter in the lower part of the well with water under pressure - the well is pumped, fine particles are washed out of the filter, and the flow of water is resumed. Repair of artesian wells is a complex, high-tech process, which is carried out by specialized companies.

Is it possible to install a well right in the house?

Yes, it is possible, but not deep. There are small-sized drilling rigs; you can drill a well in the basement of a house - if the ceilings are at least 2 m. An interesting alternative is the Abyssinian well. However, a serious well cannot be located in the basement, even if the house itself has not yet been built, because... maintenance and repairs (pump replacement, maintenance, etc.) require the use of large-sized drilling rigs, which cannot be accessed into the basement of the house.

When to start drilling?

It is best to start drilling a well before building a house, immediately after marking the area with pegs. This will save a lot of effort and money on restoring the fence and lawn after the drillers arrive, provide the builders with drinking and technical water, and give the opportunity to feel like the owner of the property even before the fence is erected.

If things don’t work out right away with the well, don’t despair - you can do it later, in any case, your own well will give completeness to your property and a sense of independence.

How to find water in your area?

Signs of proximity to water - darker and bright color grasses, marsh vegetation, but this only speaks of subsoil waters - perched water. The color of the grass, however, may also depend on the presence of fertilizers in a given area or the composition of the soil that is different in microelements. Among the more “subtle signs” - a midge hovering over a damp place, trees bending their branches “towards the water”. Well, a frame or a willow/walnut twig with dowsing and dowsers - this requires strong optimism and firm faith in this very dowsing...

If we're talking about about a well for sand, find out if your neighbors have wells or boreholes. If there is, feel free to drill for yourself. But 100% probability cannot be expected. In limestone there is water almost everywhere, the only question is the depth and thickness of the formation.

Manual drilling of wells - is it possible to do everything yourself?

Typically, drillers who offer hand drilling actually use compact drill rigs and attachments. Purely manual drilling of a well is hard physical labor using a bailer on screwed rods, which must be constantly lifted and freed from the ground during drilling. Rotation of the tool is done manually using a gate.

As for drilling a well on your own site on your own - if you have enough enthusiasm and have the appropriate equipment - yes, it is possible. But... This is hard work - manual drilling of a well, and if you encounter a boulder, manual drilling will no longer help.

The price of a meter of manual well drilling, which is offered by specialists, is significantly higher than machine drilling, because... although machines and mechanisms are used, the share of heavy manual labor big enough. Manual drilling of wells is justified where machine drilling is impossible.

Sand well or well with pump?

The problem with wells is poor insulation of the joints of reinforced concrete rings, which is why the water becomes cloudy after rains. The well casing (pipe) separates storm and subsurface water from the formation water in the sand layer. What they have in common is that there is no need to obtain permission to drill a well, just like a well.

Drilling on the 1st, 2nd or 3rd water horizon

The upper limestone aquifers may be thin. For a productive well, I advise you to listen to the advice of drillers: if you do it, it’s good. And if your needs are modest, you can do it first. As a rule, the water in the upper horizon is contaminated with water from the overlying sandy layers and perched water penetrating into the limestone due to violation of technological requirements during drilling.

The second horizon is strategic water reserves; to drill a well you need a license for the use of subsoil and a drilling permit. Although drillers usually bypass this obstacle. Drilling a well into the 2nd and 3rd horizons will become much more expensive, since they sometimes lie much deeper.

To drill a personal water well, is it necessary to require drillers to have a license for this type of work?

No, don't.

Volumes of water when drilling an artesian well

When rotary drilling (“wells for limestone”), the so-called. drilling fluid made from special clay and water. The volume of water consumed for a 100-m well ranges from 20 to 30 cubic meters (approximately).

How to control the quality of well drilling work?

An indicator of entry into the aquifer when drilling a well is the influx of water. Unfortunately, the format of the article does not allow even a brief listing of everything that can happen when drilling a well (according to Murphy’s law, everything bad that can happen will definitely happen); The best way to control the quality of drillers' work is to temporarily become an ordinary member of the team.

An indirect indicator of the quality of work when drilling a well is the warranty period: correcting flaws is simply unprofitable. You need to be demanding with the drillers, but initially friendly; you shouldn’t try to “outwit” them - in response, they may have in stock such professional tricks that will spoil your impression of the well for a long time.

What should you do when putting a well into operation?

When taking a well into operation after drilling, you must:

Check the depth of the drilled hole using the tool, i.e. lower the pipes to the bottom and measure the length of the rods.
- Accept water from the well - it must be visually clean, the debit must correspond to what was agreed in the contract.
- Check the availability of a set of documents specified in the contract (including the Well Passport with its characteristics and the Warranty Card) and the compliance of the specified well parameters with the actual ones. Recommendations for the operation of the well are also given by the drilling organization (it is also useful to know its address and telephone numbers).
- After commissioning (if no further work or operation is expected), the well must be plugged (welded) for conservation.

At what depth should the pump be located?

It depends on how much water the well produces and how much it is pumped out by the pump. On average, 15-17 m below the static level. But so that the pump does not run out of water during operation.

How to determine to what depth a well is drilled?

Lower the weight on the line. When pulling out the fishing line, measure the length.

How can you tell if there is water in the well casing?

Lower the weight; it could be a washer, a plumb line, etc. on a rope or fishing line into the casing and twitch as you lower it up and down, while simultaneously listening to the sounds coming from the pipe. As soon as you reach the water surface, you will hear the weight making the sounds of an object plunging into the water. When you take out the weight, measure the length of the fishing line, rope and find out exactly the depth at which the water is located.

What is included in the warranty period for a drilled well?

Here are the rules that should be followed when deciding whether warranty repairs are legal:

The content of sand or clay in artesian water begins to exceed 50 mg/l (or other specified in the contract), because this indicates a leak in the casing, or that the clay layers in the limestone horizon were not cut off correctly
- if the well flow rate has decreased due to clogging of the filter column with sand or clay (the symptoms described above appear)
- if the well’s flow rate has decreased due to a natural disaster, or due to drilling an industrial well with a huge water intake near the facility, which led to dewatering of the horizon, then the repair of such a well, unless specifically specified in the contract, is not guaranteed.

How soon will a well silt up if it is not used?

The length of a satisfactory production period of a well depends on a number of factors:

Frequency and intensity of operation
- thickness of the aquifer
- availability and capacity of wells from neighbors
- violations of the hydrological situation
- climatic conditions

How to restore well productivity after a winter break?

To restore the well, a number of measures are carried out, their essence is cleaning the well, washing the filter and the bottom-hole zone under pressure with an air-water mixture (up to 15 atm), and, if necessary, washing with special equipment. reagents. As an extreme case - water hammer. If necessary - video recording of the wellbore and - in the presence of fistulas - partial replacement casing.

Preparing to create autonomous system water supply country house or cottages includes a number of stages. One of them is determining the layer from which water will be abstracted. It is necessary to take into account a number of factors and conduct geodetic reconnaissance. An important parameter is the depth of drilling a water well. It is determined based on the conditions at a particular site.

Verkhovodka

The aquifer closest to the ground. It lies at a depth of no more than 4-5 m. It is formed from sedimentary and melt water. Refers to unstable sources. It may disappear in case of severe drought or frost with freezing of the soil to several meters.

The water in this layer is different low quality and contains a lot of impurities, bacteria, and contaminants that have penetrated from the surface into the soil. It is one of the suppliers of water for deeper levels and is suitable for constructing a shallow well if there are no other sources for irrigation.

Groundwater

Usually located at a level of approximately 10 m, on the first waterproof layer. Formed by infiltration of atmospheric precipitation and water from various bodies of water - rivers, lakes, ponds.

This layer is suitable for constructing wells and boreholes, but has unstable water quality. One of the sources of filling is the surface of the earth, but not all polluting elements are filtered out when penetrating through the soil.

Water may change color if there is a swamp or peat bog nearby, have bad smell. However, the water in this layer is often clean and suitable for drinking and cooking.

Interformational waters

Third level of groundwater. It is located at a depth of 10-100 m between two waterproof soil layers. This layer is characterized by stability. An important advantage is the purity of the water, and the deeper the level, the cleaner the source.

In the process of moving through different layers of soil, the water is filtered many times, impurities and most bacteria disappear from it. Ideal for constructing wells with high production rates, the service life of which can reach 50 years. Most often, the depth of hydraulic structures does not exceed 50 m.

Artesian waters

They lie at a depth of over 100 m. There are often cases when water is extracted from artesian sources at a level of 250-350 m. These are the so-called wells on limestone. They are distinguished by high power and high quality water, often containing useful minerals and trace elements in small concentrations.

Mostly sources of this type are used for industrial purposes. However, with moderate layer thickness and relatively shallow depth, they are quite suitable for domestic purposes. When drilling a hydraulic structure of this type, special equipment is used.

IMPORTANT TO KNOW: After test drilling or launching a well, it is recommended to conduct a laboratory analysis of the water to identify bacteria and determine the composition.

Soil in section: an example of the location of aquifers and hydraulic structures

Main types of wells

The simplest device. Another name is hammering, and another definition most accurately characterizes it – “needle”. The diameter of the well is only 1-1¼ inches, the depth does not exceed 8-10 m. The technology of the device is simple:

Drilling by driving or auger method is carried out until groundwater is reached;
A pipe of appropriate length with a pointed end is inserted into the well (hence the name “needle”). Holes for water intake and a filtration mesh are provided in the tip in advance;
a pump is installed on the surface and water pipes are laid.

Such a source will last 5-15 years.

Scheme of well construction on sand and artesian

Well on sand

The optimal and most common type. Drilling continues until the layer of aquiferous sand passes through - one of the levels of interstratal waters, closest to the surface.

The depth of the source can vary from 15 to 50 m depending on the terrain, relief, and proximity to the reservoir. The device is carried out in several stages:

prepare a working platform 1.5x1.5 m and up to 1 m deep;
perform percussion-rope, auger or rotary drilling to the aquifer;
install filters and casing, followed by filling the remaining cavities with a mixture of gravel and sand in order to strengthen the shaft and fix the pipe;
omit deep well pump and carry out a complete pumping out of the well,
wait for refilling with water, determine the level of the water surface;
they carry out work on laying a water supply system and equip the site - concrete and waterproofing.

Depending on operating conditions and reservoir thickness, the average service life is 20-30 years and can reach half a century.

IT IS IMPORTANT TO KNOW: The best option laying a borehole water supply - placing the pipe at a depth of 1.5 m, below the soil freezing level. When laying on the surface, thermal insulation of communications is carried out to prevent the water in the system from freezing.

Drilling speed largely depends on the equipment. It is believed that the less time it takes to construct a structure, the better the well works.

Preparatory work before drilling a well

The first stage of preparation is conducting geodetic reconnaissance. This is done in several ways:

evaluate the terrain, the proximity of natural bodies of water;
they interview neighbors and old residents;
enjoy reference books;
trying to determine the drilling location using dowsing;
invite specialists in geodesy.

The last option is the best if you plan to drill a powerful well that will last for decades.

Exploration drilling – effective method determining the depth of the future well

The next step is to obtain permits if the drilling depth exceeds 30 m. However, the first impermeable layer rarely lies deeper. But you shouldn’t relax: the well will need a document - a passport, which indicates all the parameters of the source.

If the hydraulic structure was drilled independently, obtaining a passport is impossible and additional difficulties will arise in case of operational problems. To avoid this, as well as to accurately determine the drilling location, depth and potential power of the source, it is recommended to use the help of specialists in the installation and launch of hydraulic structures.

Professionals will perform a full range of work and share recommendations for effective operation. The source will last a long time and will regularly supply water, no matter how deep the aquifer is.