Medicinal raw materials. Medicinal plant raw materials Herbal raw materials types of raw materials

Everything in nature is in harmony. If there are diseases, then there are substances that can cure them or at least ease the suffering of the patient. A significant part of medicinal substances is found in plants. Over many centuries, humanity has learned to use the beneficial properties of plants. Through trial and error, methods of application, timing of collection of plant materials and methods for preparing medicines based on them were established.

Classification and characteristics of medicinal plant materials

IN scientific world Several types of classification of raw materials are accepted:

1. Botanical when plants are grouped according to the principle accepted in botany. It is based on the theory of Charles Darwin, which is based on family ties between plants. Plants are united into groups if there is a common ancestor and represent a kind of family tree.
2. Alphabetically. This qualification is used mainly in encyclopedias, dictionaries, and reference books. This makes it much easier to find information on a specific plant.
3. Morphological. This method is based on the division of medicinal herbal remedies into those parts of the plant that are used in medicine:
   • grass;
   • flowers;
   • sheet;
   • fruit;
   • bark;
   • root;
   • rhizome.
4. Pharmacological. This classification is based on the pharmacological effects of a medicinal plant or a mixture of them.
5. Chemical. Each plant contains a group of biologically active substances, according to which classification is carried out:
   • carbohydrates;
   • lipids;
   • vitamins;
   • terpenoids;
   • glycosides;
   • alkaloids;
   • phenolic compounds and their glycosides.

Popular medicines and herbal preparations

Most often, herbal medicines are used in several forms:

1. Vegetable juices. It's about not only about the currently popular theory about the benefits of freshly squeezed juices from vegetables and fruits, but also about the use of juices from the green mass of fresh parts of plants, including roots. Juices can be used either freshly squeezed or canned.
2. Decoctions or aqueous extracts from plants. They are made from dry raw materials by boiling in a water bath for several minutes. Most often, this method is used for roots and stems.
3. Infusions. Unlike the previous type, the extraction of useful substances occurs by infusion for several days. Numerous teas belong to this type.
4. Tinctures. They are made from any type of plant material based on alcohol or an alcohol-water solution.
5. Pastas. Emulsions prepared in laboratory conditions according to a special recipe.

Dosage forms of medicinal plant raw materials

Some medicinal plants can be eaten in their natural form. For example, as additives in salads, soups. You can make juices or jams from fruits and vegetables. But not every plant has a pleasant taste; most often, plants are collected at a certain growth phase, dried, and sorted into parts containing certain biologically active substances. After this, medicinal herbal infusions are formed or a variety of medications are prepared.

Powders are obtained when dry raw materials are crushed directly at the manufacturer's plant in a mortar or using a coffee grinder at home. Most often, powders prepared independently are used externally to cover wounds and diaper rash. To use decoctions and teas, they are packaged in filter bags in the factory. Another packaging method is capsules, which are very convenient to use. Previously, compressed blocks or tablets were used, but in lately They are being made less and less often.

Infusions, decoctions, and teas are prepared from dry, crushed medicinal raw materials. In this case, the proportions indicated on the packaging must be strictly observed. All of them are calculated and justified by FS standards. The raw materials should be brewed in a non-metallic container (infusions for 15 minutes, decoctions - 30 minutes). After cooling, the broth is filtered and diluted with boiled water to the volume specified in the instructions. For external use, you can use a concentrated decoction. Homemade infusions do not have the same strong effect as industrial ones. This is due to the fact that it is not possible to completely extract all the active substances from the plant using the artisanal method.

Infusions and decoctions have a very short shelf life, so they are prepared in small portions.

In terms of manufacturing technology, tinctures are very similar to infusions, but in this case alcohol is used instead of water. If both dry and fresh raw materials can be used to prepare infusions, then for tinctures they most often take green mass, which is filled with 70% or 40% alcohol. The container is wrapped in an opaque material or placed in a dark place. Production time is about 7 days. After this, the biomass is squeezed out. All liquid is filtered off. Tinctures are used in small doses, diluted with water. In cases of tinctures of poisonous plants, the administration is carried out strictly according to a certain scheme, with full control of the patient’s well-being by doctors. Tinctures have a longer shelf life, the only condition being protection from sunlight.

Hoods - this type medicinal drugs manufactured only in factory conditions. It is supplied to pharmacies in both aqueous and alcoholic extracts. In addition, drugs for injection are being created.

The underground parts of plants are most often used to make ointments. To do this, biologically active substances obtained in the factory from medicinal raw materials are mixed with a base. Medical petroleum jelly, vegetable oils, butter or unsalted animal fat can be used as it.

Baths are very effective in treating various skin problems. Suitable for both children and adults. For preparation, infusions are used, which are diluted with water at 37 degrees. The duration of a bath with medicinal herbs is from 10 to 20 minutes. Usually such procedures are carried out 2-3 times a week. Contraindications may include problems with the cardiovascular system and various neoplasms. Before undergoing such therapy, you should consult your doctor.

Applications are most often used for inflammatory processes lumbar region spine or joints. Fresh or steamed plants are placed directly on the diseased area of ​​the body, wrapped in cellophane, and insulated. They can be hot, warm, cold.

For medicinal purposes, freshly squeezed juice is used. The combination of certain fruits, vegetables, rhizomes and fruits allows not only to rid the body of toxins and replenish the supply of vitamins, but to increase immunity and hemoglobin. When using fresh juices, it is important to remember that not all of them can be drunk in concentrated form. While some of them have a mild effect on the mucous membrane, others can cause acute irritation and increased acidity.

Chemical composition of medicinal plant materials

There are three groups chemicals isolated from medicinal plants:

• pharmacological active compounds. Actually, something that can have a healing effect;
• accompanying. They help or hinder the absorption of the drug;
• ballast. They do not affect the treatment process in any way, but they are important during collection and processing.

The value of medicinal raw materials lies in what biologically active substances it contains.

Active substances are divided into several classes:

• alkaloids;
• glycosides;
• glycoalkaloids;
• saponins;
• bitterness;
• tannins;
• flavonoids;
• retinol;
• group of vitamins B;
• choline;
• nicotinic acid;
• folic acid;
• ascorbic acid;
• biotin.

This list is far from complete. In addition to useful substances, raw materials of plant origin may contain elements that are of no interest from a medical point of view, and even dangerous to human health. To do this, a series of control tests are carried out.

Methods for monitoring microbial contamination of herbal medicinal raw materials

In order to conduct research on microbial contamination of plant materials, the flushing method is used. To do this, 1 g of the collection is weighed under sterile conditions and placed in a sodium chloride solution. After several minutes of intensive mixing, the resulting solution is used for sowing. To test for fungi, a Peri dish with inoculation is left in a thermostat at 24 degrees; when inoculating for bacteria, it is left at 37 degrees. Next, when colonies appear, microbial contamination of the raw materials is calculated using certain formulas.

Pharmacognostic analysis of medicinal plant raw materials

Such an analysis is a series of analyzes of raw materials, on the basis of which the authenticity and quality of the raw materials can be determined. When dealing with plant materials, it is important to be sure that they correspond to the name of the plant. Sometimes different types of plants are so similar to each other that it is difficult to visually distinguish them. Therefore, chemical analysis immediately reveals the substitution. In addition, plants collected in the wild can always contain various debris: bird and animal droppings, fragments of other plants, stones, sand.

To conduct this type of research, the following methods are used: macroscopic, microscopic, phytochemical, luminescent, biological, commodity science.

Basics of procurement of medicinal and plant raw materials

Even in the last century, rural women practiced herbal treatment, the knowledge of which came from their mothers. They knew exactly what time, what herb could be collected so that it would have the greatest power. Each plant should be harvested at the appropriate stage of its development, when its therapeutic effect is most intense. At the same time, when harvesting poisonous plants, precautions must be taken to avoid chemical burns, eye irritation or an allergic reaction. Now the procurement of medicinal plants is on an industrial scale and these rules are only approximately followed. However, there are a number of rules that cannot be ignored:

Before starting harvesting work, you must obtain permission from the forestry department or forestry department.

1. Never dig up all plants. According to the norms, one adult plant should be left per 1 m2;
2. The next time this plot will be visited only for 5-8 years;
3. When harvesting above-ground parts of the grass, more than 60% of the green mass should be left. In this case, those parts of the plant that are not subject to harvesting should not be damaged;
4. There are a number of additional requirements when collecting poisonous plants;
5. Only persons over 18 years of age are allowed to harvest;
6. Work is carried out under the guidance of an experienced pharmacist;
7. During work, it is prohibited to rub your eyes, face, use cosmetics or eat food;
8. You can only collect one item;
9. Carry a first aid kit and have the skills to provide first aid in case of poisoning.

Acceptance of medicinal plant raw materials

Each batch of delivered raw materials, which according to the standards must be more than 50 kg, must be accompanied by a document that contains the name of the raw materials, the mass of the batch, the year and month of procurement, the procurement area, and the signature of the responsible person.

The raw material acceptance process itself includes:

• visual inspection,
• determination of plant quality.
• correctness of labeling and drawn up documents, sampling;
• checking the integrity of the packaging;
• sampling.

A series of goods submitted for testing cannot be destroyed until the tests are completed.

Drying of medicinal plant materials

Currently, methods of drying medicinal raw materials without artificial heating and thermal drying using artificial heating are used.

There are several methods:

• air-shade drying. Mainly used for harvesting leaves and young shoots;
• solar drying. This method is good for drying fruits, bark, and rhizomes. Plants that, when exposed to sunlight, lose their appearance, should be dried in the shade;
• heat gun. Provides quick drying of the product.

Processing of medicinal plant raw materials at a pharmaceutical enterprise

Pharmaceutical production is a whole complex of activities, as a result of which medical drugs appear on the shelves of pharmacies. Such enterprises have a higher degree of preparation of raw materials for processing. Having our own research laboratories allows us to conduct all research on medicinal plants and the drugs themselves.

Packaging of medicinal herbal raw materials

All products are sold in packaging that will maximally preserve all the quality characteristics of medicinal raw materials. For powders - these are capsules or paper envelopes, for herbal teas - disposable bags packed in a cardboard box, for dry raw materials - cardboard bags or boxes. All tinctures are sold through a network of pharmacies in dark glass bottles.

Storing medicinal herbal raw materials in a pharmacy

Each plant has its own shelf life, most often this period is 3-6 months. Pharmacies or pharmacists should regularly monitor the expiration dates written on the packaging.

Import and export of medicinal plant raw materials

Herbal preparations can be both exported and imported. Not all plants grow in our country, so we are forced to import them from abroad. In turn, we supply products from pharmaceutical factories to dozens of countries.

Manufacturers and suppliers of medicinal and herbal raw materials

Russian companies are engaged in the production and supply of various medicinal and herbal raw materials.

"Krasnogorsleksredstva" (Krasnogorsk Medicinal Plant) is the largest and oldest manufacturer of medicinal herbs and herbs in Russia, operating since 1938. Company " Healthy family Altai produces a range of unique drugs with biologically active additives.

The Plant World company is a supplier of many types of medicinal and technical raw materials. The Biotest enterprise offers more than 50 types of medicines.

Medicinal plant raw materials- plant materials authorized by the authorized body in the prescribed manner for medical use.

Types of plant materials

Plant raw materials are used in fresh and dried form.

• Roots (Radices) - MP, in pharmaceutical practice, they are whole or in pieces, dried, less often fresh, peeled or washed from the ground, freed from other parts of the plant, roots collected in early spring or late autumn.

• Rhizomes (Rizomata) - MP, in pharmaceutical practice, they are whole or in pieces, dried, less often fresh, peeled or washed from the ground, freed from other parts of the plant, rhizomes collected in early spring or late autumn.

• Rhizomes with roots (Rizomata cum radicibus) - MP, in pharmaceutical practice, which is whole or in pieces, dried, less often fresh, peeled or washed from the ground, freed from other parts of the plant, collected in early spring or late autumn rhizomes, with rhizomes extending from them roots.

• Rhizomes and roots (Rizomata et radices) - medicinal plants, in pharmaceutical practice, which are whole or in pieces, dried, less often fresh, peeled or washed from the ground, freed from other parts of the plant, rhizomes and roots collected in early spring or late autumn, separated from each other from a friend.

• Tubers (Bulba)

• Bulbs(Tubera)

• Corms (Bulbotubera)

• Herb (Herba) is an herbaceous plant, in pharmaceutical practice it is the dried, or less often fresh, above-ground part of herbaceous plants collected during the flowering phase, freed from underground organs.

• Shoots (Cormus) - MP, in pharmaceutical practice, they are dried, less often fresh, young shoots of trees and shrubs collected during the flowering phase.

• Leaves (Folia) - MP, in pharmaceutical practice it is dried, less often fresh, leaves collected during the flowering phase.

• Flowers (Flores) - MP, in pharmaceutical practice it is dried, less often fresh inflorescences or individual flowers.

• buds

• Kidneys(Gemma)

• Bark (Cortex) - MP, in pharmaceutical practice it is dried, or less often fresh pieces of bark, collected in early spring.

• Fruits (Fructus)

• Whole plant - traditionally used in homeopathy

Procurement of plant raw materials

• Underground organs.

Usually harvested in autumn or early spring.

Exceptions:

Cinquefoil is erect (without the above-ground part it is impossible to find the plant, so it is collected at the end of summer).

• Grass and shoots.

Harvested during the flowering phase.

Exceptions:

Marsh wild rosemary (during flowering, collecting is dangerous to life and health).

• Flowers - in the flowering phase.

• Buds - in the budding phase.

• Fruits and infructescences - during the fruiting period.

• Buds - in early spring.

• Bark - during the sap flow phase (early spring).

Literature

• Muravyova D.A., Samylina I.A. and others. “Pharmacognosy”, “Medicine”, Moscow, 2002
• State Pharmacopoeia, edition X׀, issue 1

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See what “Medicinal plant raw materials” are in other dictionaries:

Medicinal plant raw materials- 13) medicinal plant raw materials, fresh or dried plants or parts thereof, used for the production of medicines by organizations producing medicines or manufacturing medicines pharmacy... ... Official terminology

Medicine- a substance or a combination of several substances of natural, synthetic or biotechnological origin, possessing specific pharmacological activity and in a certain dosage form used for prevention, diagnosis and... Law of Belarus: Concepts, terms, definitions

MEDICINAL RAW MATERIALS- MEDICINAL RAW MATERIALS, natural substances of plant, mineral or animal origin or chemical products. industries for the manufacture of medicines. According to the classification adopted in pharma. industry, L. s. divided into... ... Great Medical Encyclopedia

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I Medicinal plants are a source of medicinal raw materials. Dried, less often freshly collected parts (leaves, grass, flowers, fruits, seeds, bark, rhizomes, roots) of medicinal plants are used as medicinal raw materials.… … Medical encyclopedia

GOST 24027.0(80) Herbal medicinal raw materials. Acceptance rules and sampling methods. OKS: 11.120.10 KGS: R69 Test methods. Package. Marking Replaces: GOST 6076 74 regarding acceptance rules and sampling methods Effective: From 01.01.81... ... Directory of GOSTs

GOST 24027.1(80) Herbal medicinal raw materials. Methods for determining authenticity, infestation with barn pests, grinding and impurity content. OKS: 11.120.10 KGS: R69 Test methods. Package. Marking Instead: GOST 6076 74 in... ... Directory of GOSTs

GOST 24027.2(80) Herbal medicinal raw materials. Methods for determining humidity, ash content, extractives and tannins, essential oils. OKS: 11.120.10 KGS: R69 Test methods. Package. Marking Instead of: GOST 6076 74 in part... ... Directory of GOSTs

GOST 6077(80) Herbal medicinal raw materials. Packaging, labeling, transportation and storage. OKS: 11.120.10 KGS: R69 Test methods. Package. Marking Replaces: GOST 6077 74 Effective: From 07/01/80 Note: see Sat. Medicinal... ... Directory of GOSTs

Books

• Pharmacognosy. Textbook, Zhokhova Elena Vladimirovna, Goncharov Mikhail Yurievich, Povydysh Maria Nikolaevna, Derenchuk Svetlana Viktorovna. The textbook is compiled taking into account the modern requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard for Professional Education of the 3rd generation in pharmacognosy. Contains everything...
• Pharmacognosy. Atlas. Study guide. In 3 volumes. Volume 3: Medicinal plant raw materials, collections. Herbal powders. Medicines based on crushed plant materials. Grif UMO, Samylina I.A.. The third volume of this atlas is devoted to the issues of determining the authenticity of crushed medicinal plant raw materials of varying dispersion, both in single preparations and in collections, tablets,…

Medicinal plant raw materials are whole medicinal plants or their parts, used in dried, or less often fresh, form as a medicine or for the production of medicinal substances, herbal preparations, dosage forms and approved for use by an authorized body in the prescribed manner.

Various organs of medicinal plants are used as medicinal plant raw materials. Homogeneous organs constitute a single morphological group of medicinal plant materials. In addition to organs, whole above-ground parts of plants are used. Medicinal plant raw materials used in medicine are represented by:

cows -- Cortices,

flowers -- Flores,

leaves -- Folia,

fruits -- Fructus ,

seeds - Semina,

berries --Vassae,

herbs - Herbae,

shoots - Cormus,

kidneys - Gemmae,

buds - Alabastra,

roots - Radices,

rhizomes -- Rhizomata,

bulbs - Bulba,

tubers -- Tubera,

corms - Bulbotubera.

Medicinal plant raw materials are obtained from both wild and cultivated medicinal plants. The quality of medicinal plant raw materials is regulated by scientific and technical documentation and is determined by external signs and numerical indicators; the main indicator is the content of active substances.

In Soviet pharmacognosy and in a number of foreign countries a chemical classification of medicinal plant raw materials has been adopted based on the content of certain groups of active substances .

According to the order of the Ministry of Health, the pharmacy must have 75 types of medicinal plant raw materials for the preparation of dosage forms and sale to the public. To obtain medicinal substances, up to 170 types of raw materials are used, 80 are included in fees, 130 types are processed by the chemical and pharmaceutical industry.

Medicinal plant raw materials (MPS) are plant raw materials approved by an authorized body for the purpose of treating or preventing diseases.

To obtain extraction preparations, dried plant materials are usually used. Fresh plant materials are used quite rarely.

Requirements for the quality of medicines are formulated in the general and specific FS, FSP and State Fund of the XI edition. For a number of raw materials regulatory documents are specifications, which are unacceptable and require revision.

In Russia, more than 200 types of medicinal drugs are approved for medical use.

The GF of the XI edition includes 20 general articles, 13 of which are devoted to general methods of monitoring MPs, 7 to standardization of the quality of individual morphological groups of raw materials: leaves, herbs, flowers, fruits, seeds, bark, roots, rhizomes and other underground organs.

In connection with the release of OST 91599.05.001-00 “Medicine quality standards. Basic provisions" (01.03.00), all drug manufacturing enterprises must develop a FSP (including for drugs and drugs made from it).

Previously approved FS and VFS for plant raw materials are valid until the dates specified therein, after which they must be processed into FSP.

The MP to be extracted has a cellular structure. MPs vary in anatomical structure, chemical composition and physical properties. All medicinal plant substances that pass into the extractant in the form of a solution are called extractive substances.

Among the extractive substances there are:

-biologically active substances– substances that have pronounced pharmacological activity and are of interest from the standpoint of treatment and prevention of diseases (alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, vitamins, essential oils, etc.);

WITH related substances– natural companions of biologically active substances, playing an important role in the life of the human body, not of particular interest from a pharmacotherapeutic point of view, but somehow influencing the manifestation of the therapeutic effect of biologically active substances.

For example: - mucus, gums - reduce the side effects of biologically active substances and slow down their absorption, due to increased viscosity and enveloping effect, saponins - enhance the absorption of biologically active substances, because are surfactants; tannins – slow down absorption.

- ballast substances– accompanying substances that do not take a significant part in the manifestation of the therapeutic effect.

From a modern biopharmaceutical point of view, there are no ballast substances, because all substances, one way or another, influence the therapeutic effect of biologically active substances.

There is also no clear boundary between the concepts of biologically active substances and related substances, so in some cases the substances are, in others they are related. Thus, tannins are substances that provide wound healing, drying and antiulcer effects.

In relation to extractants, i.e. Based on the degree of hydrophilicity, biologically active substances can be divided into three groups (Table 1).

Table 1.

Classification of biologically active substances by degree of hydrophilicity

As can be seen from the data presented in the table, most biologically active substances are hydrophilic or belong to a mixed group.

Preparation of medicinal plants for extraction

Before the extraction process, medicinal plant materials are subject to analysis and preliminary preparation.

1. The composition and properties of raw materials are determined for compliance with the requirements of the RD.

2. Grinding and sifting are carried out (not always, as it is a very labor-intensive operation)

3. The technological properties of the raw materials are determined.

The technological properties of crushed plant material are determined in order to select equipment capacity, select loading media, calculate the amount of extractant and optimize the extraction process, it is necessary to first study the technological properties of the crushed plant material used.

Basic technological properties of raw materials.

Good quality of raw materials(A) – the ratio of the content of biologically active substances (a) to the amount of extractive substances (c).

Good quality of the drug(A 1) – ratio of biologically active substances (a) to dry residue (c).

Relative goodness(B) – the ratio of the good quality of the drug to the good quality of the raw materials.

Fractional composition (grinding of raw materials). In technological studies, grinding is determined using sieve analysis and is expressed as % of fractions of different grinding.

The degree of grinding of raw materials (n) is assessed by the ratio of the diameter of the largest particles before grinding (D) to the diameter of the largest particles after grinding (d).

Leaves, flowers, herbs – 3-5 mm;

Roots, fruits, barks – 1-3 mm;

Fruits, seeds – 0.3-0.5 mm.

In industrial settings, these values ​​are rarely adhered to. The optimal grinding of each specific type of raw material is selected experimentally. In order to assess the homogeneity of the raw material, its fractional composition is determined. The grinding of raw materials has great value, because as it increases, the mass transfer surface during extraction increases.

Absorption coefficient– the ratio of the mass of raw materials after swelling to the mass of raw materials before swelling.

The absorption coefficient (AC) is used when calculating the amount of extractant absorbed by the raw material and subsequent determination of the volume or mass of the extractant being poured. The absorption coefficient characterizes the swelling ability of the raw material.

Washing coefficient. When extracting medicinal products, two processes occur:

Dissolution and rapid leaching of substances from destroyed cells (rapid extraction period);

Slow diffusion of biologically active substances from undestroyed cells (slow extraction period).

The leaching coefficient characterizes the amount of substances washed out from destroyed cells and determines the period of rapid extraction. Most often it is determined by a graphic-analytical method (by analyzing the depletion of raw materials from the time of extraction).

Porosity of raw materials– the size of the voids inside the plant tissue. Determines the hydrodynamic resistance of plant materials during extraction. The porosity of the layer of extracted raw materials consists of the internal microporosity of the particles and the external one - the volume between the particles. When solving hydrodynamic issues, the microporosity of particles is not taken into account, because the liquid moves mainly along the channel between the particles.

Рв = (d y –d 0)/d y;

d y – relative density (the ratio of the density of the walls of the raw material to the density of water);

d 0 - volumetric mass (the ratio of the mass of dried raw materials to its volume).

Porosity is directly proportional to the amount of internal juice.

Porosity of raw materials– determines the size of the voids between pieces of plant material and characterizes the amount of internal juice. It is the most important characteristic when solving hydrodynamic issues, because the fluid moves mainly along the channel between the cells.

Pm = (d 0 – d n)/d 0 ;

d 0 – volumetric mass;

d n – bulk mass (a certain volume of a weighed portion of the material) – is different for raw materials of varying grinding and varying degrees of compaction.

Extractants

To extract biologically active substances from pharmaceutical products, various extractants are used. Extractants mean solvents used for extracting plant or biological material, or extracting certain valuable substances from liquids.

The following requirements apply to extractants:

1. Selective solubility (i.e. maximum recovery of biologically active substances and minimum recovery of ballast substances).

2. Good wettability of raw materials, desorbing properties, high diffusion ability, ensuring penetration into the material.

3. Microbiological resistance.

4. Indifference to extracted substances.

5. Pharmacological indifference.

6. Volatility, at relatively low high temperature boiling.

7. Easy regenerability.

8. Non-flammability.

9. The ability not to form flammable mixtures with air.

10. Availability and cheapness.

There is no ideal extractant, therefore a significant number of liquids are used as extractants, which are divided into groups presented in Table 2:

Table 2

Classification of extractants by degree of polarity

When choosing an extractant, they are guided by well-known rule“like dissolves into like.” When comparing the data presented in tables 1 and 2, we can conclude that substances of the hydrophilic group are highly soluble in polar solvents, substances of the mixed group are highly soluble in low-polar solvents, and lipophilic substances are readily soluble in non-polar solvents.

The extractant affects not only the amount of biologically active substances extracted, but also the total amount of extractive substances extracted. Most substances in plants are hydrophilic, so polar solvents extract more quantities extractives.

Water-ethanol mixtures are most often used as extractants. The dielectric constant of water-ethanol mixtures and, therefore, its extractive ability with respect to various groups The biologically active substance depends on the concentration (i.e., on the ethanol content, which allows such mixtures to extract a wider range of substances).

Purified water

Purified water as an extractant has the following advantages and disadvantages:

Advantages:

1. Extracts a large amount of biologically active substances (alkaloid salts, glycosides, saponins, tannins, mucus, etc.).

2. Penetrates quite well through cell membranes (not impregnated with lipophilic substances).

3. Pharmacologically indifferent.

4. Availability and cheapness.

5. Non-flammable.

Flaws:

1. Subject to microbial contamination.

2. Is common cause hydrolysis of biologically active substances.

3. It has a fairly high boiling point, and therefore can only be removed under vacuum.

Ethyl alcohol (ethanol)

In pharmacy, as independent extractants and in the manufacture of complex extractants, it is allowed to use:

Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) (FS 42-3072-94);

Rectified ethyl alcohol (GOST 5962-67).

Ethyl alcohol as an extractant has its advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages:

1. It dissolves drugs well, which are quite poorly soluble in water.

2. To a lesser extent, compared to water, it promotes hydrolytic processes (depending on the concentration of ethanol).

3. Inactivates many enzymes.

4. Has a bactericidal effect.

5. Quite volatile, has a boiling point ranging from 88.5-78.8 when the concentration changes from 20 to 90%, which allows you to preserve thermolabile substances during evaporation and drying.

Flaws:

1. It is more difficult than water to penetrate cell walls.

2. Flammable (requires special working conditions).

3. Pharmacological indifference.

Obtaining, rectification, methods of expressing and determining the concentration of ethanol, see the methodological instructions of the department

Medicinal plants and medicinal plant raw materials containing biologically active substances that have a predominant effect on the digestive system

Introduction The liver is a vital unpaired internal organ located in abdominal cavity performing a large number of different physiological functions. . The biliary system is designed to remove into the intestines a physiologically important secretion of the liver - bile, which is involved in the digestion and absorption of fats, the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, and the suppression of putrefactive microflora in the intestines. For the normal functioning of the biliary system, the following conditions are necessary: ​​good functioning of the liver cells, in which bile is synthesized and “pushed” into the bile canaliculi; sufficient concentration and contractile functions of the gallbladder; no obstructions along the path of bile flow, normal pressure in the cavity of the duodenum.

Diseases of the liver and hepatobiliary system are a pressing problem of modern medicine. One of the widely used groups of drugs that protect the liver are hepatoprotectors obtained from milk thistle raw materials: carsil, legalon, silybor. For various diseases of the liver, gallbladder and biliary tract, choleretic agents are used. Choleretic drugs are drugs that activate the exocrine function of the liver and increase the secretion of bile into the duodenum. The choleretic effect of herbal preparations is due to such groups of biologically active substances as alkaloids, flavones, vitamins and essential oils contained in the raw materials of barberry, greater celandine, sandy immortelle, corn, tansy.

Biologically active substances of choleretic action drugs All choleretic drugs contain flavonoids. Flavonoids are a large group of natural biologically active compounds, the structure of which is based on a skeleton consisting of 2 benzene rings A and B, interconnected by a three-carbon chain, since the first substances isolated from plants had a yellow color, they were called flavonoids (from the Latin flavus - yellow). Flavonoids are widely distributed in the plant world; flowering plants belonging to the families Rosaceae, legumes, buckwheat, and Asteraceae (sandy immortelle, tansy) are especially rich in flavonoids. Young flowers and unripe fruits are the richest in flavonoids. The greatest amount of flavonoids accumulates in many plants during the flowering phase, and decreases during fruiting.

To isolate flavonoids, plant material is extracted with ethanol. There are no specific reactions for all groups of flavonoids. The following reactions are most often used: 1) Cyanide test (Shinoda test) 2) Briant test 3) Reaction with iron salts (III) Iron oxide chloride forms a complex compound, colored black-blue, if dihydroxy derivative flavonoids are green. 4) Reaction 2 -5% alcohol solution AICL 3 - this reaction is given in GF 11 to confirm the authenticity of St. John's wort, pepper mustard, and poultry seeds. 5) Reaction with a 1% solution of basic lead acetate. 6) Reaction with a 10% alcohol solution of alkali.

Botanical description. A low herbaceous perennial 15-40 cm high. Stems are numerous, straight or ascending, whitish-tomentose. The basal leaves are oblong-obovate, with a rounded apex and a short petiole, collected in a rosette. Stem leaves are alternate, oblong or linear. All leaves are densely pubescent. Numerous baskets are collected in corymbose inflorescences, the wrapper is lemon-yellow, the flowers are yellow or orange, tubular. The fruit is an achene with a tuft.

Blooms from late June to September. The fruits ripen in August-September. An unacceptable admixture is cat's foot dioecious, which differs in inflorescences: its baskets are large, collected in a looser corymbose inflorescence, and in the color of the flowers - white, purple or pink. Geographical distribution. It grows in the steppe, forest-steppe and southern forest zones of the European part of the CIS, in the steppe regions of Kazakhstan and Western Siberia. Habitat. It is found on dry sandy, less often rocky soils, sometimes on sandy loam, limestone and even chernozem soils. Preparation. The inflorescences are harvested at the beginning of flowering, before the opening of the side baskets, since with a later harvest, as a result of the opening of the baskets, the flowers crumble greatly and only the inflorescence bed with the wrapper remains. On the same massif, inflorescences can be collected up to 3-4 times as the plant begins to bloom. Drying. Dry the raw materials in cool rooms, spreading them out in a thin layer. When dried in warm rooms and attics, the immortelle baskets quickly disintegrate, resulting in non-standard raw materials. Drying can be carried out in dryers at a temperature not exceeding 40 C.

External signs of raw materials. Whole raw material - spherical single or several baskets collected on short woolly felt peduncles up to 1 cm long, 7 mm in diameter. The involucre leaves are lemon-yellow, membranous, shiny, the flowers are tubular, bisexual, with a tuft. The smell is weak and pleasant. The taste is spicy-bitter. Crushed raw materials - spherical single baskets, small, sometimes 2-3 together, individual receptacles and their pieces with the remains of involucre leaves, individual involucre leaves and tubular flowers, pieces of stems and peduncles passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm. Storage. In dry, well-ventilated areas in bags, on shelves or shelves. Shelf life: 4 years. Chemical composition. Flavonoids, coumarins, tannins, traces of essential oil. Application, medicines. The raw materials are used to obtain infusion, dry extract, Flamin and Zyflan preparations. The drugs are used as a choleretic agent for diseases of the liver, gall bladder and biliary tract. The flowers are part of the choleretic collections, as well as the collection of M. N. Zdrenko. Side effects. Increased blood clotting. Contraindications. Ulcer of the stomach and duodenum.

Corn. Zea mays Columns with corn silks. Styli cum stigmatis Zeae maydis Poa family. Poaceae

Botanical description. An annual monoecious herbaceous plant up to 3 m high. The root system is fibrous. The stem is not hollow. The leaves are alternate, linear, large. Male flowers are collected in panicles located at the top of the stem, female flowers - in axillary cobs covered with bracts. The fruit is an orange grain. It blooms in July-August, the fruits ripen in September-October.

Geographical distribution and areas of culture. The homeland of corn is Central America; it is unknown in the wild. Corn is widely cultivated on all continents, mainly as a grain crop. The main places of its cultivation in Russia are the southern regions of the European part, the Lower Volga region. Preparation. Columns with corn stigmas are harvested in the stage of milky ripeness of the cobs, breaking off or cutting off the bundles of columns with stigmas protruding from the cob. Blackened columns are removed. Drying. Dry raw materials immediately after collection in dryers at a temperature of no more than 40 C or in air in the shade, with good ventilation. After drying, parts of the columns that have changed color are removed from the raw material. External signs of raw materials. Whole raw materials - soft, silky threads, collected in bunches or partially entangled, somewhat curved, flat, ribbon-like. Color brown, brown-red, light yellow. The smell is weak and peculiar. Taste with omission of mucus. The crushed raw materials are thread-like pieces passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm.

Storage. Due to their hygroscopicity, corn silks are stored in a dry, well-ventilated area. Shelf life: 3 years. Chemical composition. Vitamins, polysaccharides, fatty oil. Application, medicines. The raw materials are used to prepare an infusion and produce a liquid extract, which is used as a choleretic agent for cholecystitis and cholangitis. Starch and fatty oil are obtained from corn kernels. In medicine, starch is used in the form of a mucous decoction, and fatty acids are used to prevent the treatment of atherosclerosis. Side effects. Decreased appetite. Contraindications. Decreased appetite, low body weight.

LEAVES OF BARBERRY - FOLIA BERBERIDIS VULGARIS ROOTS OF BARBERRYRADICES BERBERIDIS VULGARIS Barberry. Berberis vulgaris L. Fam. barberry - Berberidaceae

Botanical description. A thorny shrub up to 3 m high with a well-developed root system. The rhizome is horizontal, with a large tap root with lateral branches, with bright yellow wood. Branches with spines up to 2 cm long, old trunks are covered with grayish bark. The spines are 3 or 5 separate, less often simple, light brown on young shoots and gray on old ones; short shoots with leaves are located in their axils. The leaves are elliptical or obovate, up to 4 cm long, sharply serrate along the edge, narrowed into a short petiole.

The flowers are three-membered, with a double perianth, bright yellow, collected 1525 in drooping racemes up to 6 cm long. The fruit is a juicy oblong berry-shaped monocarp 9-10 mm long, from purple to dark red, usually with a faint waxy coating (Fig. 10.27). Blooms in May - June. The fruits ripen in August - September and remain on the bushes until winter. Spreading. It is found in the Caucasus, Crimea and some southern and western regions of the European part of the country. Habitat. Grows on rocky slopes, in the mountains, in floodplains of rivers and streams. It lives mainly in disturbed plant communities, bleached pine forests, bush thickets and forest meadows. Common barberry is widely cultivated throughout forest and forest-steppe zones as an ornamental plant. Preparation. Leaves are harvested during the budding and flowering phase. Raw materials are collected by hand and purified from impurities. Barberry roots can be harvested throughout the growing season. When harvesting, first cut off all above-ground shoots at their base, then dig up the soil around the bush within a radius of 0.5 m and to a depth of approximately 0.5-0.6 m, starting to dig from the trunk. The roots are then uprooted by hand or pulled out using a cable attached to a machine or tractor.

The entire underground part is collected, selecting small roots and bark, since they contain significant amounts of berberine. The dug up roots of barberry are cleaned of soil and other impurities, while removing blackened and rotten parts. Washing the roots is not allowed, since berberine is highly soluble in water. Security measures. When harvesting roots, it is necessary to leave at least one barberry bush intact for every 10 m2 of thickets. Procurement of raw materials from the same thickets is permitted no more than once every 10 years. Drying. Leaves and roots are dried in a well-ventilated area, under a canopy. outdoors or in dryers at a temperature of 40 -50 ºС. Standardization. FS 42 -536 -72 (leaves); FS 42 -1152 -78 (roots). External signs. The leaves are entire, 2-7 cm long and 1-4 cm wide, with a wedge-shaped base and a rounded apex, thin, covered with a waxy coating on both sides; the edges are finely serrated, the leaf teeth are elongated into a soft needle. The venation is pinnately reticulate, the main vein slightly resembles a broken line. The petiole is bare, grooved, slightly winged in the upper part. The color of the leaves on the upper side is dark green, matte, on the lower side - lighter. The smell is peculiar. The taste is sour.

Roots. Whole raw materials are cylindrical, straight or curved pieces of woody roots from 2 to 20 cm long, up to 6 cm thick; the fracture is coarse-fibrous. The color of the roots is grayish-brown or brown on the outside, lemon-yellow at the break. The smell is weak and peculiar. The taste is bitter. Crushed raw materials. Pieces of roots of various shapes, passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm. Chemical composition. The leaves contain a sum of isoquinoline alkaloids (1.5%), the main of which is berberine, as well as polysaccharides, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, phenolcarboxylic acids, coumarins. Barberry roots contain alkaloids of the isoquinoline group, the main one of which is berberine (0.47 -2.38%), in addition it contains yatrorizine (yatroricin), magnoflorin, etc. The largest amount of alkaloids accumulates in the root bark - up to 15% (berberine - up to 9 , 4%). A derivative of gamma-pyrone, chelidonic acid, was also discovered. Storage. Raw materials are stored on racks in a well-ventilated area. Shelf life: 3 years.

Medicines. 1. Barberry leaves, crushed raw materials. Anti-inflammatory, choleretic agent. 2. Tincture of barberry leaves (tincture (1: 5) at 40% ethyl alcohol). Hemostatic, choleretic agent. 3. Berberine bisulfate, tablets 0.005 g. Choleretic agent. 4. The roots are included in the collection for preparing the mixture according to the recipe of M. N. Zdrenko. Pharmacotherapeutic group. Choleretic, antispasmodic, hemostatic agent. Pharmacological properties. In an experiment, barberry infusion and tincture increased bile secretion. Berberine, with complete patency of the common bile duct, causes dilution of bile without changing its quantity, and if the patency of the common bile duct is impaired, it increases the amount of bile and leads to its dilution. The mechanism of action of barberry preparations is associated with both an antispastic effect on the gallbladder and a choleretic effect. Relaxation of the gallbladder is accompanied by cessation of pain. Barberry preparations cause contraction of the smooth muscles of the uterus, constriction of blood vessels, and accelerate blood clotting.

Application. Infusion and tincture from the leaves of barberry are used as an anti-inflammatory and choleretic agent for diseases of the liver and biliary tract. Tincture of barberry leaves is used in obstetric and gynecological practice as an adjuvant for atonic bleeding in the postpartum period, for bleeding associated with inflammatory processes, and in the menopause. Barberry preparations are contraindicated for bleeding associated with incomplete separation of the placenta from the walls of the uterus. The drug “Berberine bisulfate” is obtained from the roots, which is used as a choleretic agent for chronic hepatitis, hepatocholecystitis, biliary dyskinesia, and cholelithiasis. The drug lowers blood pressure and slows cardiac activity, stimulates uterine contractions, and has chemotherapeutic activity. Barabaris roots are part of the collection of M. N. Zdrenko.

Botanical description. A perennial herbaceous plant with erect branched shoots 30-80 cm high. The root is taproot, branched, with a short vertical rhizome. The leaves are alternate, deeply unpaired-pinnate (lyre-shaped) with almost opposite pairs of lobes. The basal and lower stem leaves are larger, on long petioles, the upper ones are sessile, with fewer lobes. The leaf lobes are rounded or ovate, with a coarsely unevenly crenate edge. The leaves are green above, bluish below, covered with a waxy coating. The flowers are bright yellow on long stalks, collected 4-8 at the ends of the stems in umbrella-shaped inflorescences. The calyx consists of 2 sepals, which fall off when the flower opens.

The corolla is regular, of 4 obovate petals, 10-15 mm in diameter. There are many stamens. Pistil 1, with an upper single-locular ovary. The fruit is a pod-like capsule 3-6 cm long, opening with two doors from the base to the apex. The seeds are brownish-black, numerous, shiny, with a white comb-like appendage (Fig. 10. 24). All parts of the plant contain milky sap orange color. Blooms from May to autumn. The fruits ripen in July - September. Spreading. Eurasian species. Distributed in all areas of the European part of the country, in Siberia (except the Arctic), and in the Caucasus. Habitat. It grows as a weed-ruderal plant near housing, in vacant lots, in gardens, parks, and vegetable gardens. It occurs in small clumps and does not form large thickets. Natural reserves are many times greater than the needs for celandine raw materials. Preparation. The grass is harvested during the phase of mass flowering of the plant (from June to August), cutting it off with knives or sickles, and when it is dense, mowing the flowering tops with scythes, without the rough lower parts of the stems. Security measures. When harvesting for the renewal of thickets, it is necessary to leave well-developed individuals for seeding, and not to uproot the plants. In order to preserve the thickets, repeated harvesting is carried out no earlier than after 2-3 years.

Drying. Dry without delay in dryers at a temperature of 50 -60 ° C, in attics under an iron roof or under a canopy with good ventilation. The raw materials are laid out loosely, in a thin layer, turning over from time to time. When dried slowly, the grass turns brown and rots. When packaging raw materials, it is necessary to put wet gauze masks on your face, since the dust from it causes severe irritation of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity. External signs. Whole raw materials. Whole or partially crushed leafy stems with buds, flowers and fruits to varying degrees development, pieces of stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. The stems are slightly ribbed, sometimes branched, hollow at the internodes, slightly pubescent, up to 50 cm long. The leaves are alternate, petiolate, broadly elliptical in outline, the blades are unpaired-pinnately dissected with 3-4 pairs of crenate-lobed segments. The buds are obovate with two pubescent sepals that fall off when the flower opens. Flowers are 4-8 in axillary umbellate inflorescences on peduncles that lengthen during fruiting. Corolla of 4 obovate petals, many stamens, superior ovary. The fruit is an oblong, pod-shaped, bivalve capsule. The seeds are numerous, small, ovoid with a pitted surface (under a magnifying glass), with a fleshy white appendage.

The color of the stems is light green, the leaves are green on one side and bluish on the other, the corolla is bright yellow, the fruits are grayish-green, the seeds are brownish to black. The smell is peculiar. Taste is not determined (!). Crushed raw materials. Pieces of leaves, stems, flowers and fruits of various shapes, passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm. The color is grayish-green with yellow splashes. The smell is peculiar. Taste is not determined (!). Microscopy. When examining the leaf from the surface, epidermal cells with sinuous walls are visible. Stomata only on the underside of the leaf with 4-7 parastomatal cells (anomocytic type). On the underside of the leaf along the veins there are sparse long simple hairs with thin walls, often torn, consisting of 7-20 cells, sometimes twisted or with individual collapsed segments. At the top of the crenate teeth, at the convergence of the veins, there is a hydathode with a papillary epidermis and 2-5 large water stomata. Cells of spongy parenchyma with large intercellular spaces (aerenchyma). The veins are accompanied by lacticifers with dark brown granular contents (after boiling in alkali).

Chemical composition. All parts of the plant contain alkaloids. In addition to alkaloids, there are saponins, 0.01% essential oil, flavonoids (rutin, kaempferol, quercetin), tannins, organic acids (citric, malic, succinic), vitamins (ascorbic acid, carotenoids). Storage. In dry, well-ventilated areas, according to list B. Shelf life: 3 years. Medicines. Celandine herb extract is included in complex preparations (Hepatofalk planta, Holagogum, Holaflux, etc.). Pharmacotherapeutic group: Choleretic, anti-inflammatory agent. External anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, choleretic agent.

Pharmacological properties. Celandine herb has multifaceted pharmacological activity. However, the main properties are antispasmodic, choleretic and anti-inflammatory (bactericidal). Celandine alkaloids have the greatest pharmacological activity. Chelidonine gives a pronounced analgesic and sedative effect, similar in action to poppy alkaloids - papaverine and morphine, has an antispasmodic effect on smooth muscles, and has hypotensive and bradycardic properties. Homochelidonin, on the contrary, gives an exciting-convulsive effect and has a strong local anesthetic effect. The alkaloid protopine, contained in the plant in fairly large quantities, reduces reactivity nervous system and enhances smooth muscle tone. Chelerythrine is characterized by a pronounced local irritant effect. Sanguinarine has an anticholinesterase effect (increases intestinal motility and salivary secretion), berberine is a choleretic effect. Celandine preparations inhibit the growth of cancer tumors and the development of metastases, and have a fungistatic and bacteriostatic effect.

Application. Celandine herb is used in the form of 2.5% aqueous infusion orally as a choleretic and bactericidal agent for diseases of the liver and gall bladder, and also as an external anti-inflammatory agent for various skin diseases. The milky juice of celandine has long been used to reduce warts. Celandine herb extract is part of complex preparations with choleretic and antispasmodic effects. Celandine herb is used with caution and only as prescribed by a doctor. Use is contraindicated for persons suffering from epilepsy, angina pectoris, bronchial asthma, as well as a number of neurological syndromes. The plant is poisonous; in case of overdose, poisoning can develop (symptoms are nausea, vomiting, paralysis of the respiratory center). It is not recommended to bathe children in a decoction of celandine herb.

Botanical description. A large perennial herbaceous plant 50-160 cm high, with numerous erect stems, branched in the upper part. The leaves are dark green above, grayish-green below, alternate pinnately dissected; basal ones are long-petioled, stem ones are sessile. Flower baskets are collected in corymbose inflorescences. All the flowers in the basket are tubular and golden yellow. The fruit is an achene without a tuft (Fig. 8. 7). The plant has a characteristic (balsamic) smell. It blooms from July to September, the fruits ripen in August - September.

Spreading. Almost the entire territory of the European part of the country and Western Siberia. In Eastern Siberia and Far East occurs as an alien plant. Habitat. In forest and forest-steppe zones, mainly in open areas. Found in meadows, along roads, in forest clearings; often forms extensive thickets, convenient for harvesting. Preparation. The inflorescences are collected at the beginning of flowering, when the baskets still have depressions in the center. The baskets and parts of complex corymbose inflorescences with a peduncle no more than 4 cm long (counting from the upper baskets) are cut off. Harvesting should not be carried out in heavily polluted places - along highways, along railway embankments, etc. The collected raw materials should be inspected and impurities and flower stalks longer than 4 cm should be removed. Security measures. It is not allowed to pull out plants by their roots. It is necessary to alternate workpiece locations. Drying. The raw materials are dried under sheds, in attics, laying out the inflorescences in a thin layer. During drying, the raw materials are carefully turned over 1-2 times so as not to cause shedding. Do not overdry the raw material, as the tubular flowers will easily fall out. A large scattering of flowers is also observed during late harvest. Heat drying is allowed at a temperature not exceeding 40 ºС. At higher temperatures, the essential oil volatilizes.

External signs. Whole raw materials. Parts of a complex corymbose inflorescence and individual flower baskets. The baskets are hemispherical in shape with a depressed middle, 6-8 mm in diameter, and consist of small tubular flowers: the marginal ones are pistillate, the middle ones are bisexual. The inflorescence bed is bare, non-hollow, slightly convex, surrounded by an involucre of imbricated lanceolate leaves with a membranous edge. Peduncles are furrowed, bare, less often slightly pubescent. The color of the flowers is yellow, the involucre leaves are brownish-green, the peduncles are light green. The smell is peculiar. The taste is spicy, bitter. Crushed raw materials. Whole flower heads, individual tubular flowers, inflorescence beds and pieces of peduncles passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm. The color is greenish-yellow. The smell is peculiar. The taste is spicy, bitter. Microscopy. When examining the involucre leaflet from the surface, a central vein is visible, accompanied by secretory passages. The epidermal cells on the outside of the leaflet are large, with straight or slightly curved walls, and the folding of the cuticle is noticeable. Epidermal cells with inside- narrow and very elongated. Stomata and hairs are found only on the outer side of the involucre leaflet and are concentrated mainly along the central vein and along the edge. The stomata are surrounded by 4-6 parastomatal cells (anomocytic type).

The hairs are multicellular, whip-shaped, the terminal cell is very long, twisted and often broken off. The cells of the epidermis of the corolla are polygonal, thin-walled, some of them have distinct thickenings. On the surface of the flowers there are essential oil glands, most densely located on the ovary and at the base of the corolla tube. The glands are four- and six-celled, two-row, 2- and 3-tiered. In the mesophyll and epidermal cells of the corolla, calcium oxalate drusen are found, concentrated in the places where the petals grow together and at the border of the corolla and the ovary. On the surface of the leaflet, glands are rarely found. Chemical composition. Tansy inflorescences contain essential oil (1.5-2%), a significant amount of flavonoid compounds; phenolcarboxylic acids; bitter substance tanacetin; tannins (up to 6%); alkaloids. Storage. In a dry, ventilated area, separate from other types of raw materials. Shelf life up to 3 years.

Medicines. Tansy flowers, raw materials. Antihelminthic, choleretic agent. Tanacechol, tablets p.o. 0.05 g each (sum of flavonoids and phenolcarboxylic acids). Antispasmodic and choleretic agent. 3. As part of the collection (choleretic collection No. 3; anti-alcohol collection “Stopal”; collection for the preparation of medicine according to the prescription of M. N. Zdrenko). Pharmacotherapeutic group. Choleretic, anthelmintic. Pharmacological properties. Tansy flowers have anthelmintic (against roundworms and pinworms), anti-giardiasis, choleretic, antispasmodic and astringent effects. They increase appetite, the acidity of gastric juice, improve food digestion, have a positive effect on the metabolic functions of the liver in hepatitis, have a bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect, and have insecticidal properties. Application. Tansy is used as an anthelmintic and antigiardiasis agent for ascariasis, enterobiasis, giardiasis of the biliary tract and intestines. It is used as a choleretic agent for cholecystitis, cholangitis, cholelithiasis, sluggish digestion, flatulence and enterocolitis. Tansy preparations are contraindicated during pregnancy.

Botanical description. An annual (in cultivation) or biennial prickly plant 1-1.5 m high. The stem is simple or branched, glabrous. The leaves are alternate, elliptical, pinnately lobed or pinnately dissected, large (up to 80 cm long) with yellowish spines along the edge of the leaf and along the veins below; The leaf blade is green with white spots, shiny. The flowers are purple, pink or white, collected in large single spherical baskets with a tiled wrapper consisting of spiny green leaves. The inflorescence bed is fleshy and covered with hairs. All flowers are bisexual, tubular. Blooms in July - August. The fruit is an achene with a tuft.

Distribution. Milk thistle grows in Central and Southern Europe, as well as in Central Asia. But in Russia, this plant is widespread in the southern regions of the European part of the country, as well as in the southern part of Western Siberia. Habitat. Milk thistle can mainly be found in wastelands, abandoned lands and along roads. Preparation. The fruits are harvested at the end of August - September, during the period when the wrappers on most side baskets dry. Harvesting is carried out by mowing the aboveground part in the first half of the day using haymowers. Drying. The cut baskets are laid in a thin layer on a sieve, under which paper or fabric is first spread. It is important that the room in which the baskets will be dried is ventilated, but strong drafts should be avoided (otherwise the “parachutes” with seeds will fly apart). After drying, use scissors to cut off the thorns from the baskets, then break them and shake out the fruits. To dry, the seeds are laid out in a thin layer on paper.

External signs. The fruits are achenes without a tuft, ovoid, slightly compressed on the sides, 5 to 8 mm long, 2 to 4 mm wide. The apex is obliquely truncated with a protruding blunt thick remnant of a style and a pointed ridge around it or without a remnant of a style. The base of the achene is blunt, the scar is slit-like or rounded. The surface is smooth, sometimes longitudinally wrinkled, shiny or matte, often spotted. On a cross section of the fruit under a magnifying glass with magnification (10 x), the pericarp, tightly closed with the seed coat, and two cotyledons of the embryo are visible. The color is from black to light brown, sometimes with a lilac tint, the ridge is lighter. The taste is slightly bitter. There is no smell. Chemical composition. In the fruits of milk thistle, the main active ingredients are flavolignans (2.8 -3.8%): silybin, silydanin, silychristin, and fatty oil (32%), and also contain biogenic amines, such as tyramine and histamine, resins. Fruits concentrate Cu and Se. Storage. Store in warehouses in dry, well-ventilated areas, in a special pantry for fruits and seeds. Shelf life 3 years

Application. Preparations from milk thistle fruits are used for diseases of the liver, kidneys, thyroid gland and spleen, and for alcohol and food poisoning. In addition, the seeds of the plant are an excellent prophylactic agent, indicated for use by residents of environmentally unfavorable regions. It is recommended to use the seeds for people involved in hazardous industries and athletes under high physical activity. Medicines. 1) Milk thistle fruit extract - Extractum fructuum Sylibi mariani 2) Legalon - for liver damage 3) Silibor - has a hepatoprotective, choleretic, anti-inflammatory effect.