Khan Edigei's raid on Russian lands. The meaning of edigei (edigei) in a brief biographical encyclopedia

Invasion of Edigei

The fifteenth century opened its gates. The feudal strife of the lords broke down on its threshold, and conflicts between kings, states and nations arose. Everything was getting larger.

Having won a victory at Vorskla in 1399, the Horde prince Edigei for some time further strengthened his autocracy in the Horde. But the victory at Vorskla did not stop the destructive impact of Dmitry Donskoy’s Kulikovo victory. Edigei understood that sending punitive troops to Rus' could not maintain power over it: the time when it was possible to keep Rus' in tension by inciting enmity between individual principalities and princes had passed. Neither the Great Principality of Vladimir nor the Great Lithuanian-Russian Principality can be shaken by internal strife, and their strengthening can be restrained only by inciting contradictions between these two major centers Russian lands.

However, now the Horde had to share participation in the Eastern European political fair with its other participants, who had significantly increased their influence on historical process. The Holy Roman Empire and the Order, under the influence of the Roman Curia, intensified their penetration into the East. The Papal throne in Rome was already shaken by thunderclaps of the Reformation in England and the Czech Republic. One of the positions of the Counter-Reformation was Rome’s intention to colonize Russian lands with the hope of introducing Catholicism on Russian soil and making up for the losses with new adherents of the Roman faith. Rome was ready to pray to hell just to move east. He pushed the Order, he blessed the Holy Roman Empire for this movement and in every possible way helped Poland in the spread of Catholicism in the Russian and Lithuanian lands, despite the fact that both the Order and the Empire could not reconcile their contradictions.

Byzantium also intervened in this complex mosaic of Eastern European politics, pressing Turkish sultans. The Greek Church was not going to give up its positions in Rus', considering Moscow as the surest bulwark against Turkish oppression.

Bombard. End of the 14th century. Shot stone cannonballs. Firing range from 200 to 600 meters.

Now not only Edigei resisted the rapprochement of the Great Principality of Vladimir and the Great Lithuanian-Russian Principality, but also the Polish feudal lords.

Polish feudal lords were in a hurry to take advantage of the weakening positions of Vytautas. They carried out a very difficult combination with King Jagiel. Queen Jadwiga died, and the Polish feudal lords were threatened by the strengthening of the Lithuanian element in Poland. The king's position turned out to be ambiguous; he moved to Lithuania.

“Queenlessness” began in Poland. But if earlier this situation suited the large feudal lords, now they themselves were in a hurry to seal their alliance by electing a king, because the seizure of lands in the east required their combined efforts under one crown. It was possible to elect a new king or leave Jagiello on the throne by finding him a Polish bride. The election of a new king could drag on and ignite feudal strife.

The granddaughter of King Casimir, Anna of Cilia, was chosen as Jogaila's wife. Jogaila was shown that he was the king in Poland as long as he was connected with the heirs of the Polish royal house and played the role of a link with Lithuania.

In 1402, Anna's coronation took place. But before marrying Jogaila to Casimir’s granddaughter, the Polish feudal lords forced him to sign an agreement with Vytautas in Vilna, according to which the Grand Duke of Lithuania pledged to preserve vassalage from the Polish king. This was a new Polish-Lithuanian union, another step towards a real rapprochement between Lithuania and Poland.

Polish statesmen made sure that the political independence of Lithuania in short term was reduced to a minimum. In the agreement of 1401, Jagiello was treated not only as a Polish king, but also as a Lithuanian-Russian prince. Prelates catholic church Vytautas was obliged to guarantee Poland's preservation of the supreme rights to the newly acquired territories. Vytautas, although he remained the lifelong ruler of the Lithuanian-Russian principality, essentially turned into a vassal of the Polish king.

The essence of the entire policy of the Lithuanian-Russian principality also changed sharply. Before the union of 1401, it acted as one of the centers for collecting Russian lands. Now that it found itself in the wake of the politics of the Polish feudal lords and the Roman Curia, its claims to annex the Russian lands looked like their subordination to the Polish king Jogaila. The talk, therefore, was not about gathering, but about seizing Russian lands. In this regard, Polish-Lithuanian influence in Veliky Novgorod, Ryazan, Pskov and Smolensk also increased. Smolensk in 1405 was captured mainly with the help of Polish troops.

Penetration to the east was hampered by unregulated relations with the Order. Jagiello achieved an agreement with the Order, transferring to it part of the Lithuanian lands and dividing the planned seizures on Russian soil: to the Order - Pskov, to Lithuania - Veliky Novgorod.

Vasily Dmitrievich could not help but notice such a frank tendency of the Lithuanian-Russian principality to be absorbed by the Polish feudal state and the subordination of Vytautas to King Jogaila. An ever wider gulf was opening between him and his father-in-law. Undoubtedly, Cyprian's sympathy for the Lithuanian-Russian principality also fell, for in the Polish dominance he saw the beginning dominance of the Catholic Church.

Naturally, the trend of Poland absorbing the Lithuanian-Russian principality gave rise to strong opposition among Russian and Lithuanian feudal lords. Prince Svidrigailo stood at the head of the opposition. In the fight against Vytautas, Svidrigailo turned to external forces for help. He independently entered into negotiations with the Order and established political contacts with the Horde. There is information about his direct negotiations with Khan Shadibek. It seems that Svidrigailo was not necessarily the initiator of these negotiations. The Horde could not calmly look at the strengthening of Southern and Western Rus', even due to the growing influence of the Polish feudal lords.

Svidrigailo went further. In 1408, he left with his entire court to serve Vasily Dmitrievich. The tasks of collecting Russian lands at one time united all the heirs of Olgerd, but now Svidrigailo, the youngest son of Olgerd and the Tver princess Ulyana, moved to the reign of Vladimir, hoping in this way to revive the cooperation of the two great reigns.

The reaction in Veliky Novgorod to the move of the Lithuanian princes to Moscow was not slow either. The Novgorodians sent away the Lithuanian prince Semyon Lugven and called Konstantin Dmitrievich, the youngest son of Dmitry Donskoy, to reign.

By 1408, the Ryazan affairs were also settled. After a close alliance was established between the Ryazan prince Fedor, the son of Oleg, married to the daughter of Dmitry Donskoy, and Vasily Dmitrievich, Ryazan entered the wake of Moscow politics. The Horde tried to tear her away from Moscow. In the fall of 1407, Prince Ivan Pronsky came from the Horde with the Khan's ambassador, expelled Fyodor from the Ryazan table and broke the alliance with Moscow. Fyodor gathered Ryazan troops, received help from Vasily Dmitrievich and opposed Ivan Pronsky. Fyodor Olgovich suffered a setback, but the victory of the Pronsky prince did not bring him triumph. Apparently, 1408 was the year of such a noticeable strengthening of Moscow that Ivan hastened to make peace with Feodor and broke off his relations with the Horde.

So, Prince Svidrigailo Olgerdovich came to Moscow to serve Vasily Dmitrievich, Veliky Novgorod installed his brother Vasily as prince, Ryazan and Pronsk completely entered the orbit of Moscow influence. A split arose in the Lithuanian-Russian Principality.

Such a sharp strengthening of Moscow caused extreme alarm in Poland among Jogaila, Vytautas, and most importantly - in the Horde. Apparently with the blessing of the Horde politicians, Vytautas and Jagiello moved a large army against Moscow. Vasily Dmitrievich met the invasion on the banks of the Ugra. It would seem that there was only one step left before military action; the opponents were separated by a narrow river with convenient fords. However, there was no battle.

Vytautas, having in his army big number Russian warriors, he was afraid that they would go over to the side of Moscow. To the great displeasure of Horde politicians, despite Edigei’s direct push for the Moscow prince to take military action, the opponents made peace. Edigei directly promised Vasily military assistance. Moreover, he even raided the southern lands of the Lithuanian-Russian Principality.

Pushing Moscow against Lithuania, the Horde ambassadors at the same time encouraged Vitovt to take active action against Vasily Dmitrievich. “The Tale of the Invasion of Edigei” very accurately revealed this provocative policy of the Horde.

When all the maneuvers of the Horde politicians were in vain, Edigei moved towards Moscow. “The Tale of the Invasion of Edigei” outlines in detail the principles of the Horde policy aimed at inciting hostility between Moscow and Vilna, and reveals the entire plan of his campaign: to ruin the lands transferred by Vasily Dmitrievich to Prince Svidrigail, and thereby undermine the basis of Moscow-Lithuanian cooperation under the auspices of Moscow. At the same time, Ryazan was also hit. The cities that were given by Vasily to feed Svidrigail: Pereyaslavl, Yuryev-Polsky, Rostov and Dmitrov were burning in fire.

It should be especially noted that “The Tale of the Invasion of Edigei” for the first time rethinks the relationship with the Horde. Previously, in literary monuments, the Horde armies and all the troubles of the inter-princely strife were explained by “God’s wrath.” In "The Tale..." they are explained by the evil will of the Horde.

Edigei besieged Moscow. He hoped that Prince Ivan Mikhailovich of Tver, the son of Prince Mikhail Alexandrovich, famous for his enmity with Dmitry Donskoy, would come to his aid. “For Prince Edigei himself did not approach the city of Moscow, did not send, but wanted to spend the winter and take in every possible way, and was proud and boastful much, and sent Tsarevich Bulat to Tver to Grand Duke Ivan Mikhailovich Tfersky, and Prince Erikli Goerdey, ordering him to be at that hour to Moscow with cannons, and with mattresses, and with arquebuses, and with crossbows” (“The Tale of the Invasion of Edigei”).

And here Edigei’s calculations did not come true. The times when, at the call of the Horde, Russian princes easily rose up against each other, are over. Ivan Mikhailovich of Tver did not come to the aid of Edigei.

But here is another piece of news in Horde-Russian relations. Vasily Dmitrievich managed to raise the Horde princes against Khan Bulat-Sultan, Edigei’s protege. Civil strife began in the Horde, and Edigei, having lifted the siege of Moscow, hurried to the Horde.

The damage caused by his invasion was significant, but Edigei did not achieve any political gain. The invasion of Edigei is associated with the departure of Prince Svidrigail to Lithuania. Chroniclers noted: Prince Svidrigailo “was very tired of the Edigeev Tatars” and therefore left the Great Reign of Vladimir. This event weakened the Great Reign of Vladimir, while the return of Svidrigail to Lithuania again strengthened Vytautas and Jogaila.

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In the service of Tamerlane

He came from the Mangut (Mangyt) tribe. Son of Baltyrchak, emir of the Mangyts. According to the legendary version, which is not compatible with his ethnic origin, he was considered the great-grandson of the Nogai saint Baba Tukles.

Isa's father and elder brother served Urus Khan, and Idigu, for an unknown reason, was forced to flee. Fleeing from Urus Khan, following the young Tokhtamysh, he arrived at the court of Timur, in whose troops he began his service. Sister Edigeya was the wife of Tamerlane. By the time of Tamerlane's campaign against Tokhtamysh in 1391, he was one of the main emirs (military leaders) of the army. Soon after the defeat of Tokhtamysh, Edigei (Idike-Uzbek), together with Timur-Kutlug-oglan and another White Horde emir Kunche-oglan, began to ask Tamerlane to let them go home under the pretext of gathering people for Tamerlane’s army. Tamerlane, who believed them, released the military leaders to their homeland, where they began to pursue their own policies (only Kunche-oglan returned back).

Fight with Tokhtamysh

Edigei, having become the ulubey of the Mangyts, contributed in every possible way to the occupation of the Golden Horde throne by Timur-Kutlug. Soon Timur-Kutlug reigned on the Golden Horde throne, defeating Tokhtamysh, who subsequently fled to Lithuania. Meanwhile, Vitovt began to prepare a large-scale campaign against the Tatars with the goal of placing Tokhtamysh on the Golden Horde throne and thereby subordinating the Horde to his political influence. Having set out on a campaign, Vitovt set up a camp on the Vorskla River in 1399 (see Battle of the Vorskla River), and Timur-Kutlug, frightened by the large number of the enemy, sued for peace. Meanwhile, Edigei and his troops arrived at the river. Edigei broke off the negotiations and convinced Timur-Kutlug to continue the fight. Having led the Horde troops, Edigei inflicted a crushing defeat on Vytautas.

After this resounding victory, Edigei did not leave Tokhtamysh alone and for a long time fought with him with varying success, and in the end, in the sixteenth battle, Tokhtamysh was finally defeated and killed. Edigei by that time had enormous political influence. According to the Spanish traveler Ruy Gonzales de Clavijo, Edigei then had an army of 200,000 horsemen.

Ruler of the Golden Horde

Edigei firmly held power in the Horde, and some rise in international authority and political influence of the disintegrating state is associated with his name. This was facilitated by the death of Timur in 1405 and the outbreak of unrest in Transoxiana. Taking advantage of this, in 1406 Edigei managed to capture Khorezm for several years.

March on Moscow

Wanting to weaken his political opponents - Lithuania and the Principality of Moscow, Edigei quarreled the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily Dmitrievich with Vytautas, as a result of which Vasily went on a campaign against Lithuania. Many people died on both sides, many cities and villages were destroyed.

For the second time, Edigei managed to spread false reports about the supposedly impending invasion of his “ally” Pulad Khan in Lithuania, and in the meantime, having concentrated enormous forces, in 1408 he set out on a campaign against Moscow, wanting to restore political influence Hordes in Rus'. In the Horde army there were four princes who served as military leaders, and several prominent Horde emirs. General management was carried out by Edigei. During the siege of Moscow, Edigei sent Grand Duke Ivan Mikhailovich to Tver with a demand to “be on Moscow” with artillery, but he did not comply. After receiving a ransom of 3,000 rubles, Edigei left Moscow.

Invading Muscovy, Edigei devastated Serpukhov, Vereya, Dmitrov, Gorodets, Klin and Nizhny Novgorod, Kolomna, but due to new unrest in the Horde he returned, ruining Ryazan on the way back.

The concealment of at least three coin treasures in the vicinity of Yelets dates back to the time of Khan Edigei’s campaign against Moscow. This circumstance can serve as indirect evidence of the devastation of Edigei and the Yelets principality by troops. (Tropin N.A. Eletskaya land in the XII-XV centuries. Yelets, 1989.)

Troubles in the Horde and flight to Khorezm

Character and appearance

Notes about the character and appearance of Edigei were left by only one eastern author - Ibn Arabshah. He described Edigei this way: “He was very dark-skinned, of medium height, thick-set, courageous, scary-looking, highly intelligent, generous, with a pleasant smile, a mark of insight and intelligence.”

Notes

Literature

  • Grekov B. D., Yakubovsky A. Yu. The Golden Horde and its fall. - M.-L., 1950.
  • Konyavskaya E. L. The story of the Edigean invasion in the Tver chronicle // Ancient Rus'. Questions of medieval studies. 2006. No. 4 (26). pp. 90-101.

Links

  • Edigei- article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Wikimedia Foundation.

2010.

- (Idigu) (1352 1419), Golden Horde ruler (from 1399), founder of the Nogai Horde. In 1408 he made a campaign against Rus', defeated the cities of Vereya, Dmitrov, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov, Serpukhov, etc.; after a month-long siege retreated from Moscow. During the Time of Troubles... ...Russian History

Edigei belonged to the ancient Mongolian family of the White Mangkyt (Ak-Mangkyt) clan. The Mangkyts formed the core of the Nogai Horde, and their support seriously helped Edigei in seizing power in the Golden Horde

However, he was not Genghisid. But politically, only the descendants of Genghis Khan were recognized as having the right to the throne of the Golden Horde. Edigei, therefore, was in the same position as Mamai and Tamerlane. His only choice was to rule through puppet khans. He himself was forced to be content with the title of emir. Timur-Kutlug, the first khan whom he placed on the throne, was a drunkard and died in 1400. Then, with the approval of Edigei, his cousin Shadibek was elected khan. Having defeated Vytautas's army in 1399 and cut off Lithuania from the Black Sea, Edigei focused on restoring order and discipline in the Golden Horde: strict ceremonial forms of obedience of the nobility to the khan and taxation. Edigei forbade the Tatars to sell their children into slavery abroad, thereby wanting to prevent a decrease in their numerical strength as the basis of the Golden Horde. As a result of this policy, the number of slaves supplied to Syria and Egypt from the Golden Horde decreased sharply. Taking advantage of the death of Tamerlane (1405), he captured Khorezm in 1406.

After the reorganization of his state, Edigei felt strong enough to deal with Russian problems. In fact, Eastern Rus' became practically independent from the moment of the final defeat inflicted on Tokhtamysh by Timur. Only in 1400 did Grand Duke Ivan of Tverskoy consider it necessary to send his ambassador to Edigei. He was apparently impressed by Edigei's victory over Vitovt. Two years later, Prince Fyodor Ryazansky went to the Horde and received a label on the Ryazan table. However, immediately after his return from the Horde, Fyodor entered into an agreement with Grand Duke Vasily of Moscow, according to which he undertook not to provide any assistance to the Mongols and to warn Vasily about any threatening steps of Edigei. As for Grand Duke Vasily, under various pretexts he stopped sending tribute to the Horde and did not pay any attention to the complaints of the Khan's ambassadors about this. Edigei could not endure such an attitude for too long.

Due to these circumstances, it was unfortunate for Moscow that in 1406 a conflict began between Vasily and his father-in-law Vytautas. Vytautas entered the lands of Pskov (February 1406). The Pskovites turned to the Grand Duke of Moscow for help. Meanwhile, Vitovt demanded that Novgorod accept his cousin Lyugwen as prince. Then Prince Vasily considered it necessary to put an end to Vytautas’ aggression. Edigei was delighted when he heard about the impending war between Muscovy and Lithuania, since it would weaken both states. He gladly offered his help to Vasily. The help was accepted, and units of the Tatar troops joined the Moscow army. However, no battle took place and a truce was soon reached. IN next year Novgorod accepted Prince Lyugven, but he was not allowed to settle in Novgorod itself, and he was forced to live in a neighboring town. The war between Vasily and Vytautas flared up again, but soon ended in a new truce. In July 1408, the leading Lithuanian prince, Svidrigailo, left Vytautas and entered the service of Vasily. Moscow was rejoicing. To “feed” Svidrigailo received the city of Vladimir with its surrounding areas: Pereyaslavl, Volokolamsk, Rzhev and half of Kolomna. Concerned by Svidrigailo’s act, Vitovt led his troops to Moscow for the third time. As in previous wars, no serious fighting took place and a truce was signed in September 1408.

While Vytautas was restoring his control over Smolensk and placing the Lithuanian prince at the head of the Novgorod troops, Grand Duke Vasily tried to establish control over Tver. Ivan, the Grand Duke of Tver, showed no desire to recognize Vasily's supremacy, so Vasily decided to help the rival of the Tver prince, Yuri Kholmsky, obtain the khan's label on the Tver table. In 1407, Yuri arrived in Moscow and from there, with the blessing of Vasily, went to the Horde. As soon as Grand Duke Ivan learned about this step, he also hurried to the Khan's court. When Ivan arrived in the Horde, unrest began there. Irritated by Edigei's tutelage, Khan Shadibek tried to establish his power. In the Horde, dissatisfaction with Edigei's policies regarding centralization and increased taxes grew.

Slave traders collaborating with Egypt were especially indignant. Shadibek tried to get rid of Edigei by leading the opposition movement. A short but furious war began in the Horde Civil War. Edigei defeated his opponents and placed the new Khan Pulad on the throne (referred to as Bulat-Saltan in Russian chronicles). Shadibek fled to Astrakhan.

As soon as order was restored, the assembly of the Mongol nobility, chaired by the new khan, ordered that the label of Grand Duke of Tver be confirmed for Ivan. Yuri's claims were rejected. Unsatisfied with the decision, Yuri went to Astrakhan and received a label for the Kashin principality (the most important of the appanage Tver principalities) from the exiled Prince Shadibek. Ivan, however, refused to accept the legitimacy of this label. Vasily's plan thus failed, and his relationship with Ivan Tverskoy became even more strained than before, to Edigei's deep satisfaction.

Edigei's next step was to replace the Grand Duke of Ryazan Fyodor, whom he did not trust, with Prince Ivan Pronsky. In the summer of 1408, Ivan, with the help of the Tatar army, occupied Ryazan. Fyodor turned to Vasily, who sent an army to help the overthrown prince. Despite this, Fyodor's army was defeated by Ivan's forces. Soon, however, through the mediation of Vasily, the rivals came to a mutual agreement, and Fedor returned to Ryazan. In this case, Vasily managed to limit Edigei's interference in Russian affairs. Edigei now decided that the time had come to strike at Moscow itself.

Like Tokhtamysh during his campaign against Moscow, Edigei knew that his only chance of success lay in complete secrecy in the preparation of this campaign. Fearing that some of Moscow's friends in the Golden Horde would notify Vasily that he was gathering a strong army, Edigei sent a messenger to Moscow to explain to Vasily that Khan Bulat-Saltan intended to wage war against Lithuania. This happened in October 1408. By this time, Vasily signed a truce with Vytautas and disbanded the army.

Thus, Muscovites turned out to be completely unprepared when in November Vasily received news from a friendly Tatar Murza that Edigei was marching on Moscow with a strong army. There was no time left for any large mobilization. Vasily went to Kostroma to gather forces from the northern regions of his state, and Prince Vladimir Serpukhovskoy again became the governor of the Moscow militia.

On Friday, December 1, in the evening, Tatar hordes appeared under the city walls. They camped at some distance from the Kremlin, around which the settlements were burned, and Edigei himself stopped in the village of Kolomenskoye. Edigei, without artillery, gave up hope of taking the city by storm and decided to do it with a siege. He wanted to spend the winter near the city in order to take possession of the Kremlin, and demanded that the Tver prince come to his aid with cannons. The Tver prince pretended to go towards him, but only reached Klin and turned back.

The matter was decided by unrest in the Horde itself. One Horde prince suddenly attacked Sarai and almost captured his khan, who hastily sent for Edigei, calling on him to immediately return home. Taking advantage of the general confusion, Edigei took a large ransom of 3,000 rubles from the Muscovites and lifted the siege on December 20.

The stone Kremlin passed the test, but the Moscow suburbs were destroyed. “It was pitiful to see,” says a contemporary, “how wonderful the churches that were created over many years and tall buildings decorated the majesty of the city, in one hour they burst into flames, and the majesty and beauty of the city, the wonderful temples, perished from the fire. At that same hour there was a terrible time, people were running and screaming, and a great flame rose into the air with thunder, while the city was under siege from lawless foreigners.”

Edige's invasion was terrible not only for Moscow, but also for other Russian cities. Tatar troops took and ravaged Pereslavl-Zalessky, Rostov, Dmitrov, Serpukhov, Vereya, Nizhny Novgorod, Gorodets. Many people froze, fleeing from the Tatars, because the winter was cold, with many snowstorms and winds.

And yet, despite the devastation and suffering caused by Edigei’s raid, he did not achieve his goal. main goal: the power of the Grand Duke of Moscow was not destroyed. Vasily not only continued to ignore the khan's power, but even gave refuge in Moscow to the sons of Tokhtamysh, whose claims to the Golden Horde throne were a source of serious concern for Edigei. The emir complained bitterly to Vasily about his hostility in a caustic letter dated 1409, but that was all he could do for now.

In 1419 Edigei was killed by one of the sons of Tokhtamysh near the city of Saraichik.

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Rusichi ROOIVS - Historical section


Today, on the day of the invasion of the Moscow land by the Horde Khan Edigei, we remember the writer D.I. Fonvizin...

Grand Duke Vasily I Dmitrievich On this day in 1408, the Horde Khan Edigei invaded Russian land with an army. Hearing about this, the son of St. blgv. Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy - Grand Duke Vasily Dmitrievich, as the “Tale of the Invasion of Edigei” reports, “was saddened by the grief that befell Rus' for our sins: after all, at first the lawless Ishmaelites concluded a false peace treaty with our Russian princes and, first of all, with the Grand Duke Vasily Dmitrievich, deceptively reconciling with him, for Christians are never told the truth. If there are few of them, then our princes are deceived and maliciously surrounded with honors and gifts, and thus they hide their evil intentions, and they promise to conclude a lasting peace with our princes, and through such cunning they excommunicate our neighbors from consent, and incite internecine enmity between us. And in this discord of ours, they themselves secretly deceive us, becoming bloodthirsty wolves for the Orthodox people, instigated by their father Satan.”

Edigei's invasion of Moscow came as a complete surprise to Vasily Dmitrievich: the crafty Horde khan Edigei concluded a peace treaty with him in 1406, promised him support in the conflict with his father-in-law, the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vitovt, and as a result incited enmity between them and plunged them into a three-year war. Taking advantage of the fatigue of the Moscow army, Edigei went to Rus'.

Countless hordes of Edigei filled the Russian land: city suburbs burned, “wonderful churches built over centuries” perished in the fire, people rushed about in fear and despair, and the Horde killed them and took them captive. Pereyaslavl, Rostov, Nizhny Novgorod, Gorodets were captured and burned, Moscow was besieged. However, Edigei failed to take Moscow. Having intended to spend the winter under the walls of Moscow, he was forced to hastily lift the siege - another “combat” (civil strife) was brewing in the Horde.

Vladimir Icon of the Mother of GodAs the chronicler wrote, Moscow was saved from enemy invasion by God's providence and the help of the icon located in it Our Lady of Vladimir, which brought the proud “Hagarian” into fear and trembling. “And all the people prayed to God, bowing low and saying: “Do not betray the souls of your servants to the beasts, Master! If we have sinned before You, then in the Name Your sacred have mercy on us, Lord!” And, looking with tears at the life-giving icon of the Most Pure Mother of God, they bitterly exclaimed: “O our constant intercessor, do not betray us now into the hands of our enemies!” And the merciful Lover of Mankind, not yet completely angry, seeing the sadness of his people and the tears of their repentance, soon consoles them, remembering his mercy towards his flock. Edigei frightened the majestic and proud Hagaran and made the Ishmaelite tremble before his Almighty and punishing right hand. And the Hagarene, who boasted of staying in the Orthodox land for a long time and promised to spend the winter, suddenly, getting worried, he suddenly moved from his place and, not wanting to delay a single day, said to the squad: “Either our kingdom will be captured by another, or Vasily will gather against us,” such a thought confused the Hagarene. He quickly sent to the city, himself asking for peace: and as the townspeople wanted, so the accursed Edigei made peace with them and left.”

D.I. Fonvizin Today we also remember the writer Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin (1744/1745-1792). He came from a knightly family that emerged from Livonia under Ivan the Terrible, which gave Russia several generations of serving nobles. The son of Ivan Andreevich Fonvizin, whose image he later embodied in his favorite hero “Starodum” in his work “The Minor.”

He studied at the noble gymnasium at Moscow University, then at the university's Faculty of Philosophy. In 1760, among the best high school students, Fonvizin and his brother Pavel arrived in St. Petersburg. Here he met M.V. Lomonosov. Simultaneously with the translations, Fonvizin’s original works began to appear, painted in sharply satirical tones. Fonvizin was under the strong influence of French educational thought from Voltaire to Helvetius.

Fonvizin's literary studies also helped him in his career. His translation of Voltaire's tragedy attracted attention, and in 1763 Fonvizin, who was then serving as a translator in a foreign collegium, was appointed to serve under the then already well-known cabinet minister Elagin, under whose command Lukin also served. More great success His comedy “The Brigadier” was used, and the author was invited to St. Petersburg to read it to Empress Catherine II herself. One of the best works of Russian journalism is “Discourse on Indispensable State Laws” (late 1782 - early 1783). It was intended for the pupil of Nikita Panin - the future Emperor Pavel Petrovich. Speaking about serfdom, Fonvizin considers it necessary not to destroy it, but to introduce it within the “limits of moderation.” He was frightened by the possibility of a new Pugachevism; it was necessary to make concessions in order to avoid further shocks. Hence the main requirement is the introduction of “fundamental laws”, the observance of which is also necessary for the monarch. The most impressive is the picture of contemporary reality drawn by the satirical writer: limitless arbitrariness that has gripped all government bodies.

Pushkin valued gaiety very highly and extremely regretted that there were so few truly cheerful works in Russian literature. That is why he lovingly noted this feature of Fonvizin’s talent, pointing out the direct continuity of the dramaturgy of Fonvizin and N.V. Gogol.

In 1781, Fonvizin wrote his most significant work - the comedy "The Minor", in which he depicted life in the house of the Prostakov landowners with its absurd customs as a system of relations based on serfdom, showed bad influence serfdom on the formation of personality.

Today we also remember: Dmitry Nikolaevich Medvedev (1898-1954), one of the leaders partisan movement, Hero of the Soviet Union, writer (“Strong in Spirit”), and Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (1921-1989), physicist, father of the Soviet hydrogen bomb, one of the leaders of the dissident movement in the USSR.

On this day, Nelson Georgievich Stepanyan (1913-1944), lieutenant colonel, twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1942 and 1945, posthumously) died.

(1252-55) - Tugovaya Mountain (1257) - Dudeneva's army (1293) - Bortenevo (1317) - Tver (1327) - Blue Waters (1362) - Shishevsky forest (1365) - Piana (1367) - Bulgaria (1376) - Piana (1377) - Vozha (1378) - Kulikovo field (1380) - Moscow (1382) - Vorskla (1399) - Moscow(1408) - Kyiv (1416) - Belev (1437) - Suzdal (1445) - Bityug (1450) - Moscow (1451) - Aleksin (1472) - Ugra (1480)

Invasion of Edigei- invasion of the Grand Duchy of Moscow by the troops of the temnik of the Golden Horde of Edigei in 1408. It culminated in a three-week siege of the white-stone Moscow Kremlin, which was unsuccessful.

The situation on the eve of the invasion

The devastation of cities, including those fed by Svidrigailo, undermined the basis of Moscow-Lithuanian cooperation under the auspices of Moscow (Svidrigailo “got very tired of the Edigeev Tatars” and returned to Lithuania). The label for the reign of Nizhny Novgorod was received from Edigei by Daniil Borisovich, a descendant of the Nizhny Novgorod princes.

“The Tale of the Invasion of Edigei” for the first time takes a new look at the relationship with the Horde. Previously, in literary monuments, the Horde armies and all the troubles of the inter-princely strife were explained by “God’s wrath.” In "The Tale..." they are explained by the evil will of the Horde.

In culture

One of the short stories that make up A. Tarkovsky’s film “Andrei Rublev” (1966) is connected with the invasion of Edigei on Vladimir. The role of Edigei in the film was played by Bolot Beishenaliev.

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Notes

see also

Literature

  • Shirokorad A.B. Rus' and the Horde. - Moscow: Veche, 2004. - 496 p. - ISBN 5-9533-0274-6.

Links

  • (Russian) . Retrieved March 28, 2015.


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