Finishing materials for furniture manual. Furniture: finishing materials

Facing the most various surfaces the most various materials found everywhere. This method of surface treatment has not only a decorative, but also a protective function.

Depending on the needs and type of surface, a variety of facing materials are used: from classic marble and granite, to innovative materials such as Lemesite flagstone - when it comes to wall cladding. Or materials based on wood, polymers and impregnated papers - if we talk about furniture.

When restoring furniture, three main facing materials are used: sliced veneer, material based on impregnated papers, polymers and material for processing edges.

Polymer-based facing materials are flexible decorative panels made of polystyrene, which are most often used for finishing facade surfaces of furniture or interior walls. Due to its structure, this material is very simple and convenient to work with, it can withstand vacuum processing perfectly, and has a wide color scheme And various types imitations of wood or stone.

Sliced veneer is a material obtained by planing hardwood. When choosing veneer you should special attention pay attention to its thickness. Too much thickness is irrational for the budget, and too little can result in troubles during the work process - for example, glue residues can seep through the thin veneer, thereby ruining appearance material. The texture of veneer depends on the species and anatomical structure of the tree from which it was planed.

Materials based on impregnated papers occupy 65% of the total volume of all facing materials for a number of reasons:

wide variety of designs and models;
strength of painted textures, light fastness;
absence of connecting seams during installation;

Materials for finishing furniture surfaces.

For finishing facade surfaces kitchen furniture.

Polymer-based facing materials.

Decorative panels polystyrene. They are very flexible, and therefore can be used as a coating for rounded surfaces. The material cuts well.
Films based on polymer materials. Made from PVC. There are: hard, semi-hard, soft. The film imitates the texture of furniture, leather (pattern), etc. The metallized film is resistant to moisture, but not resistant to scratching and high temperatures. Used for refining surfaces based on wood and metals. The only material that allows you to cover spherical surfaces.

According to the area of application, PVC films are divided into:

1) For refining parts and facades of cabinet furniture.

2) For finishing inner surface desk drawers.

PVC films:

1) Single layer.

2) Multilayer.

3) Porous-monolithic.

The current structure of the film range:

Paper-resin films using melamine resins – more than 40%.
Natural veneer – 22%.
Rolled cladding materials with finish effect – 15%.
Synthetic veneer – no more than 9%.
Polymer films – up to 7%.
Decorative laminates – 3%.

Plastic using natural veneer of valuable species is becoming increasingly widespread.

In the production of furniture in the Russian Federation, paper-based films cover about 42% of the demand. 12% - import. 46% - purchase finished products in the form of films, plastics, plates and tabletops.

Wood Finish:

Transparent. It is made colorless or painted with transparent paints and varnishes. Enhances the natural color background, emphasizes the texture, is used to give specific effects and imitate cheap species as valuable ones, as well as to even out the color tone of wood parts.
Covering. Opaque finishes result in opaque coatings. Color and decorative properties are completely determined by the paints and varnishes used (enamel and paints).

By purpose finishing materials are divided into 3 groups:

Materials for preparing wood for finishing - coloring compounds, fillers, putties, primers, bleaching and de-resining agents.
Basic materials that create the main paint layer (varnishes, paints, enamels).
Materials for refining coatings (polishing and grinding pastes; leveling liquids).

Porosity filling is carried out on large-porous species such as oak and ash.

On finely porous rocks, priming is carried out.

The presence of intracellular and intercellular passages causes different water permeability. This makes it difficult to paint evenly and makes it extremely important to carry out strengthening.

Porosity fillers and primers form the bottom layer of the surface. This leads to a reduction in varnish costs.

Varnishes should dry quickly and sand well.

Basic primers:

Polyester.
Nitrocellulose.
Aminoalkyd.

Putties are intended for leveling surfaces under transparent coatings and contain mineral fillers. The main types are the same as for primers.

Materials for finishing furniture surfaces. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Materials for finishing furniture surfaces." 2017, 2018.

Do-it-yourself decorative finishing of furniture is one of the ways to update, change and improve its appearance. It is not necessary to decorate only old furniture; for example, you can simply change new ones, giving it a completely different look. How do you like this option?

Before polishing over putty, you need to prime the surface with polish in several layers.

Make a children's version out of an ordinary boring chest of drawers. To implement this idea, you will not need to spend a lot of effort and money; you just need to familiarize yourself with some of the decor options that exist today and use one of them. But first let's talk about various compositions used in decorating furniture with your own hands.

Preparatory stage

So, in order to prepare the surface of furniture for decoration, the following are most often used: building materials, as putty, mastic, mordant, primer, bleach, filler and others.

When waxing, a thin layer of wax and solvent is applied to the surface of the furniture, which is then treated with varnish.

Putty and mastic are intended to level the surface to be finished. They are suitable only if the decorative finishing of the furniture is opaque. For these purposes, wax and paraffin are used, as well as other compositions based on resin (nitrocellulose or polyester).
If a transparent finishing of the furniture surface is planned, then special primers and foam fillers are suitable. They efficiently fill all the smallest cracks, pores and crevices, and also prevent the so-called “subsidence” varnish coating. These chemical compositions are based on either emulsions or pastes that include polyvinyl acetate resins.
If you want to give the wood a different tone, reminiscent of a more expensive type of wood, or enhance its natural color, then for this purpose you will need mordants (dyes). At correct selection they easily imitate exactly the color scheme you need. The main components of these compositions are aqueous and alcohol solvents.
The use of bleaches is due to the presence of dark stains of various types on furniture. You can replace bleach, for example, with oxalic acid or bleach, more precisely with a 15% solution.
For the final coating in furniture decor, materials such as varnish, paint, polymer film, etc. are used. These can be polyester, nitrocellulose and other varnishes.
When using polyester (polyurethane) varnish, a film is formed on the surface being treated. It is quite hard and highly resistant to chemical and thermal influences. It is distinguished by a high-quality mirror shine. More low quality inherent in nitrocellulose varnish. It dries quickly enough, but is inferior in its physical and chemical properties the previous sample.
Another type of finishing material used is polishing pastes (liquids). They are good at eliminating various irregularities on the varnish surface and giving it shine, i.e. improve the appearance.
The use of paint is most appropriate in cases decorative finishing kitchen furniture. With its help you can perform finishing work opaque appearance. All paints based on nitrocellulose or polyester compounds have high quality, resistant to mechanical damage and exposure to chemicals and various detergents.

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A simple option for upgrading furniture

Fine to medium-grit sandpaper is best for removing old varnish.

As noted above, in order to simply update old furniture, you can use various paint and varnish compositions. But in any case there are a number of nuances. Updating furniture is no exception. You will need:

sandpaper;
any piece soft fabric;
furniture varnish.

The procedure for updating furniture includes the following steps.

First you need to remove a layer of old varnish from the furniture. This is done using sandpaper.
Next, use a soft cloth to wipe the surface to be treated to remove dirt and dust.
After the above procedures, you can begin to treat the surface with varnish. You need to apply at least three layers. Please note that each subsequent layer of varnish should have a less viscous consistency than the previous one (that is, more liquid).

In order to simply update the surface of the furniture, this will be enough. After this treatment, the furniture surface will become shiny and will delight you for many years.

If you want to not just update the surface, but add some decorative elements, then the easiest way is to use construction tape.

With its help it is very easy to make a drawing, for example, on a table surface. Next, apply paint of the desired color over the tape pattern. Remove the tape, the table is ready.

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Decor of children's furniture

Drawings made from decoupage paper should be placed on the table surface and covered with a layer of acrylic paint.

Decorative finishing of children's furniture is very exciting and useful activity, since you can do this work with your children. It could be old furniture or new, but very boring.

In any case, after decorating, you will receive completely different furniture, which, most likely, your kids will like and will become the pride of joint creativity.

So, you will need:

as in the first case, sandpaper;
decoupage paper;
primer composition;
putty for wooden surfaces;
oil and acrylic paints;
furniture varnish;
brushes, roller, etc.;
stencils.

After everything necessary materials prepared, you can get to work. Preparatory stage will be the same as with regular furniture renovation: removing the old layer of varnish, processing with a soft cloth, then a layer of putty, after primer, then paint, etc. And now directly about the decoupage of furniture.

To decorate furniture with mosaics, you will need ceramic tile adhesive.

First, you need to cut out the required part of the design from decoupage paper and apply it to the selected area of furniture.
Next, a layer of acrylic paint is applied on top of it.
On final stage work, you can tint the surface in the corners using oil paint.
Once the surface has completely dried, you can install a new one. bright furniture to the nursery.

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In the photo:

When making facades, manufacturers, along with traditional finishing, use cladding, for example, with panels made of high-strength steel.

Finishing for the sake of cladding. Paradoxically, many facing materials themselves require finishing. For example, a layer of veneer or decorative foil that is applied to the front of a chest of drawers or a cabinet door is certainly covered with a layer of protective varnish. That is, cladding is used to create a beautiful “face,” while the task of finishing is to impart strength and durability to the coating.

In the photo: Paris table model from the Moda by Di liddo e Perego factory.

Facing materials are materials that are applied to the base of an object (the so-called structural material).

Most often, cladding is a thin layer of material glued or pressed onto the surface that needs decoration. The main difference between cladding and finishing (chemical compositions, impregnations, grouts) is that cladding is a full-fledged material - it can be picked up, rolled, bent, broken. Whereas finishes, with rare exceptions, are liquids, solutions, etc.

Purpose

For decoration. Facing material is by no means an obligatory element of furniture. You can make an object from solid wood and get by with just finishing (transparent varnish). However, the cladding has one thing undeniable advantage: With its help you can create unconventional artistic effects. No paint can replace the beauty of wood fibers or reproduce the “sagging” rings on veneer furniture. You can cover the most inconspicuous surface with decorative veneer: aluminum, chipboard or MDF.

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Combination various options veneer gives a striking decorative effect.

To save money. The same facing material can appear in different qualities. For example, bleached oak, processed into veneer, is tinted to match all the classic “red” woods (walnut, cherry, mahogany), and made gray and black, like wenge or ebony. The buyer in the salon selects the silhouette of the model he likes and orders desired shade veneer

Cladding makes furniture more accessible to buyers: a similar item made from natural solid wood, ebony, macassar or the same bleached oak, would cost much more.

Types of facing materials

Traditional materials used in serial production of furniture; Taking into account the properties of these materials, machines and tools operate, and the technology for their processing is known to the vast majority of manufacturers:

Veneer and its synthetic analogues- laminate (film), melamine (paper). Veneer cabinet furniture is very durable - it decorates the interiors of homes, offices, restaurants and hotels.

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Bleached oak is strikingly different from wenge-tinted oak. It seems as if this furniture is made of different materials.

Laminates high pressure(HPL plastics) This is one of the most durable coatings for countertops: it is used by manufacturers of office, garden furniture, less often - factories producing household items.

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HPL plastic is most often used to line office furniture.

Foil. To decorate the facades of cabinet furniture, both natural precious materials and “imitation” alloys are used - brass instead of gold, aluminum instead of silver. Often further decorative processing of the foil is carried out: its patination, oxidation (rusting). At first, foil was used only by manufacturers of classic furniture, later it was adopted by manufacturers modern furniture for home. There are traditional and non-standard facing materials.

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Gilding with foil and its imitation is actively used by furniture manufacturers in any style.

Non-traditional cladding materials- this is, as a rule, the know-how of a separate factory, the invention of a designer:

Based on ethnic materials. Coconut shell and coconut veneer weave, colored mother of pearl and seashells.

Pebbles, coconut shells, mother-of-pearl, reeds - what materials are used for cladding furniture!

Based on natural materials. Grass, leaves, eggshells recessed in the varnish that has not yet hardened. The second most popular material is cement. Porcelain fragments are immersed in it or sea pebbles, thus laying out the surface of the tabletop.
From uncharacteristic materials. No one will be surprised by a dining table with tiles or a tabletop made of. But you rarely see the same mosaic on an armchair. And linoleum as a table covering is still rare.

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Mosaics can decorate not only the floor and walls: you can find them on sale dining table with tiles and even a mosaic chest of drawers.

Leather or textiles look familiar on a sofa or armchair, but on the front of a closet or dressing room partition they become unconventional. The same goes for wallpaper, which the customer sends to the factory, where they (in the factory) are used to cover the surface of a chest of drawers or cabinets.

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Not everyone can afford to buy antiques. But if you have the time and desire, you can create objects “with history” yourself. Moreover, you can age not only the cabinet, but also upholstered furniture.

To a strict European eye, American interiors are characterized by unbridled eclecticism. However, it also contains certain principles that allow you to create cozy home with a bright personality.

Wood finishes are divided into transparent and opaque. Transparent performed with colorless or colored transparent paints and varnishes. They enhance the natural color tone, emphasize the texture, and also serve to give the wood specific effects (antique or rustic coloring), imitating cheap species as valuable ones (for example,

cherry or mahogany pine), to even out the color tone of solid wood parts that have different colors or texture.

At opaque When finishing, opaque coatings are obtained, the color and decorative properties of which are completely determined by the pigmented paints and varnishes used (enamels or paints).

According to their purpose, finishing materials are divided into three main groups:

materials for preparing the wood surface for finishing (painting compounds, fillers, putties, primers, bleaching and de-resining agents, etc.);

basic materials that create the main paint layer (varnishes, paints, enamels);

materials for improving coatings (polishing and grinding pastes, leveling liquids, etc.).

Modern assortment paint and varnish materials used for finishing furniture, both abroad and in domestic production, includes a wide range of materials of different composition, properties and purpose. The choice of these materials and finishing method is largely determined by the specific properties of wood: high porosity, low heat resistance, hydrophilicity, etc.

Materials for preparing surfaces for finishing operations

The presence of large vessels and pores in wood leads to increased consumption of finishing materials, to reduce which on large-porous (ring-vascular) species, such as oak, ash, a pore-filling operation is performed. On finely porous scattered-vascular species (birch, aspen, beech, etc.), before applying paints and varnishes, a priming operation is performed. The presence of intra- and intercellular passages causes different permeability of liquids in the transverse and longitudinal directions, which makes it difficult to obtain a uniform color of wood. For widely used at furniture enterprises in Russia, especially in the Siberian regions, coniferous species The surface is characterized by softness, which leads to the need to strengthen it with special primers.

Pore fillers And primers form the bottom layer of the finishing coating. After application, they impregnate the surface layer of wood, making it dense and hard, reducing consumption

varnishes They should be easy to apply to the wood surface, dry quickly, and sand well. Primers for clear coats should not veil the grain of the wood. The main types of furniture primers are polyester, nitrocellulose, and amino-alkyd. Putties are intended for leveling surfaces under transparent coatings and contain mineral fillers. Their main types are the same as primers.

Each type of wood has a specific texture and color that gives it decorative look; the issue of preserving natural texture and color is the most important factor when choosing one or another type of finishing materials. Whitening compositions (hydrogen peroxide solution, oxalic acid solution, etc.) are used to remove tar and other stains, as well as to even out the color of wood. Also needed degumming compositions, since the resin prevents the adhesion of paint and varnish coatings; these are compounds containing alkali and organic solvents (alcohol, acetone, gasoline).

Basic materials for finishing furniture surfaces

Substances used in coloring compositions that can give wood the desired color include pigments and dyes.

Pigments can be white, black, gray and colored (chromatic or colored). To obtain pigmented transparent paints and varnishes, organic pigments with low hiding power, but having a bright, rich color, are widely used.

In addition to pigments, organic compounds give color to wood - dyes, which dissolve in water and organic solvents.

Based on their origin, there are natural and synthetic dyes. Of the natural ones, a brown dye called walnut stain is widely used. Currently in industrial production Furniture mainly uses synthetic dyes, which are obtained from intermediate products - organic compounds formed as a result of complex chemical transformations of hydrocarbons and other products.

The most commonly used water-based dyes are direct, acid and basic. Water-based dyes reveal the wood texture more clearly, and obtaining uniformly colored surfaces sometimes becomes a problem when finishing furniture products.

Direct Water-soluble dyes are easy to use, low cost, and come in a wide range of colors and shades. Acidic characterized by bright and pure colors, increased light fastness; They are used for deep dyeing of wood. Basic dyes are also distinguished by bright tones, but have low light fastness.

Dyes based on organic solvents are characterized by a slight difference in color intensity between different areas of the wood surface, which helps to obtain uniformly colored products.

Unlike water-based materials, dyes based on organic solvents almost do not raise wood pile and dry quickly, although they are inferior to water-based dyes in terms of environmental characteristics.

Mordants- these are chemicals (chlorides and sulfates of iron, copper, etc.) that are not directly dyes, but enter into a chemical reaction with tannins of certain types of wood and color it.

Lucky form hard shiny or matte transparent coatings on the surface. The surface to be finished should produce a layer of uniform thickness and color with good adhesion to this surface. The main types of varnishes for furniture finishing are polyester, nitrocellulose, aminoalkyd, and polyurethane.

Coatings based on nitrocellulose varnishes are sanded and polished well, but have low heat and frost resistance, chemical resistance and abrasion resistance. However, due to the reversibility of the film, these coatings are repairable; nitrocellulose varnishes are of little use for thick polished coatings.

The use of polyester varnishes allows you to create thicker coatings, while reducing varnish consumption and finishing time. Such coatings are water-, chemical-, heat- and light-resistant, have good abrasion resistance, but have weak adhesion and low impact resistance.

Polyurethane varnishes provide coatings that are superior in abrasion resistance and weather resistance to polyester coatings. In addition, when finishing with polyurethane varnishes, the pores of the wood remain open.

Varnishes based on polyacrylates, along with very fast curing (5-8 s), have the ability to wet surfaces well and penetrate into the pores of wood, which allows you to obtain excellent quality -

from polyester materials, thin-layer coatings with high adhesion, hardness and wear resistance.

Polishes in composition they are similar to varnishes based on natural waxes, but are less concentrated and are used to refresh coatings and give them a mirror shine. At the same time, the thickness of the coatings increases slightly. Polishing pastes are used for the same purpose, but their use reduces the thickness of the coating.

Enamels are used mainly for decorating children's rooms, kitchens and furniture for various public spaces. The most common are nitrocellulose and polyester enamels with properties similar to those of varnishes.

The use of paints and varnishes with a high content of non-volatile substances, for example, curing under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation or electron flow, can achieve significant reductions in emissions harmful substances into the atmosphere, helps maintain cleanliness environment.

Powder coatings have proven themselves as a way to refine metal surfaces - aluminum and steel. Such coatings are valued for their durability, beautiful appearance, low cost and environmental friendliness. In recent decades, the furniture industry has developed highly reactive powder materials that can be oven dried at low temperatures and are therefore suitable for heat-sensitive materials such as wood and wood-based panels. A number of European manufacturers successfully use powder-painted MDF with high quality indicators for the manufacture of kitchen facades, furniture for bathrooms, children's rooms and for the decoration of retail premises.

The powder method allows you to obtain a uniform coating of furniture components. Edgebanding as a separate operation is not required. The surface of furniture parts finished with the powder method is uniform - both on the surface and on the surface; edge, without a gap in which dirt accumulates. Using powder coatings, it is possible to create not only durable microstructured surfaces, but also smooth and high-gloss surfaces.

IN recent years Powder paints have been developed in all colors of the spectrum, as well as a variety of special effects and metallic colors.

Powder technology provides a durable, damage- and stain-resistant finish. In addition, finishing with powder materials is an environmentally friendly technology, without the use of solvents, heavy metals and highly aggressive pollutants. Automatic powder coating chambers and powder collection and reuse equipment enable almost 100% paint utilization to be achieved. Upon completion of the painting process, no additional operations are required, so powder finishing technology is not only environmentally friendly, but also cost-effective.

Among the new finishing materials, manufacturers of furniture for kitchens and bathrooms are particularly interested in biologically active coatings, having bactericidal properties.

Prospects for the development of the range of finishing materials for furniture production

The global furniture industry consumes about 800 thousand tons (or 785 million liters) of paints and varnishes for wood finishing per year, which is about 60% of the total production of these materials. In accordance with the level of development of furniture production, the leading regions in the consumption of paints and varnishes are identified: Europe (where the top five are Italy, Germany, Spain, Great Britain and France), the USA and China.

On modern market LMB works large number companies. The largest among them are Akzo Nobel, Arch, Beckers, Mles, Sherwn-Wllams, Valspar, which account for about 22% of the market. Smaller coatings manufacturing companies operate in the same countries with a traditionally developed furniture industry: ZN, Barpmo, Chemcraft, Hesse, Huarun, CA, nchem, Nabersa, Tkkurla. Experts coatings market note that simultaneously with the movement of traditional centers of furniture production from Europe and the USA to Eastern Europe, Asia, India and Brazil, in these same regions leading manufacturers of paints and varnishes are striving to expand their presence, both in the form of sales representative offices and by opening their branches for the production paint and varnish products.

In accordance with the expected average growth of the furniture market by 5% per year in the coming years, the consumption of paints and varnishes by the furniture industry will also increase, but at a slower rate - by 3% annually, which is caused by the use of more economical cladding technologies.

IN various countries, despite global world integration, noticeable differences remain in the preferences for types of furniture finishing. Thus, southern European manufacturers are popular with denser coatings with a high degree of gloss, obtained using polyester varnishes, while in most northern countries they prefer to preserve natural look natural wood, With a natural texture and less shiny surface, which requires acid-curing varnishes.

The peculiarity of the global production of paints and varnishes is that most leading foreign companies have all types of materials in their range of products. However, in terms of quantity and priority, the range of coatings continues to change, mainly under the pressure of ever-increasing environmental protection requirements. So, in European countries standards have been established for the emission of formaldehyde and all organic solvents from paints and varnishes. Therefore, the following trends are noticeable in the global production of these products:

the proportion of nitrocellulose materials containing 65-80% organic solvents is gradually decreasing;

UV-curing polyester styrene-containing materials are, if possible, replaced with styrene-free ones;

polyurethane varnishes with a non-volatile content of 30-40%, replace varnishes with a high solids content (60-80%);

There is a noticeable increase in the production and improvement of the quality of water materials. Many companies specific gravity aqueous materials in the assortment increased from 50 to 80%, although these materials are still not actively used even in foreign industry;

Among pigmented UV-curing materials for open-cell finishing, polyacrylate systems and materials using unsaturated polyester resins predominate.

For finishing furniture facades, pigmented paint and varnish systems with various decorative effects: antique finish (patination), with a mother-of-pearl effect, etc. Varnishes with a metallic effect, the color range of which is very wide, have become widespread. Brightly colored paints and varnishes with a high degree of gloss are becoming increasingly popular.

In the foreign furniture industry, it is increasingly used alternative method Touchwood surface finishing (or called “transferfinish”) - applying coatings using the dry decal method. This method allows you to create the effect of natural wood in one pass without the use of glue or solvents. It is used to finish natural wood, structural panels and most thermoplastic veneers.

Characterizing the dynamics of the range of finishing materials in Russian furniture production, the following trends can be noted:

reducing the consumption of non-eco-friendly nitrocellulose materials;

growth in consumption of nitrourethane and polyurethane paints and varnishes;

a sharp decrease in the consumption of polyester varnishes, caused by the transition of enterprises to the production of relief facades and the use of matte thin-layer finishing; At the same time, the popularity of UV-curing polyester varnishes is gradually increasing.