Semantic classification of antonyms. What are antonyms: examples of words

Antonyms are words of the same part of speech, different in sound, having directly opposite meanings: truth - lie, good - evil, speak - remain silent.

It should also be said that antonyms must have:

Equal degree of emotionality (laugh and cry are not antonyms, since they have different emotionality, antonyms are laugh and cry, laugh and cry)

Same semantic valence (high part (no low honor))

To study antonymy, a research unit is chosen - the antonymic series, which has the properties of 3 planes of language (paradigmatic, syntomatic and functional)

Stylistic role antonymov:

Antithesis - a stylistic figure built on a sharp opposition (good - bad)

Oxymoron - logically incompatible concepts (living corpse)

Enantiosemy - the development of a word with the opposite meaning (view (read) - view (not notice))

Types of antonyms:

Contrary (opposite) - antonyms that express polar opposites within one essence in the presence of transitional links - internal gradation (loved - indifferent - hated)

Contradictory - such opposites that mutually complement each other to the whole, without transitional links; they are in relation to privative opposition (bad - good, lie - truth, living - dead)

Conversion - words that describe the same situation from the point of view of different participants (buy - sell, husband - wife, teach - learn, lose - win, lose - find). It is common for conversions to have multiple subjects but one object.

Vector - antonyms that express different directions of actions, signs, social phenomena, etc. (enter - exit, descend - rise, light - extinguish, revolution - counter-revolution)

Pragmatic - words that are regularly contrasted in the practice of their use, in contexts (soul - body, mind - heart, earth - sky)

Antonymic paradigm- combining words with opposite meanings.

It is based on common integral and differential features.

Antonymous pair- a specific feature of antonyms (date - parting)

Question

Etymology. De-etymologization. "Folk etymology"

Etymology – establishing the original meaning of a word, i.e. etymon words.

Folk etymology - non-scientific etymology, based on the random convergence of an unknown word with a known one. (“boulevard” (comparison with the verb “to walk”)

De-etymologization - oblivion, loss of the original. sign, as a result of which there is a gap between family ties. (“important” - compare Old Russian “vaga”)

Motivation of the word. The concept of internal form. The phenomenon of “folk etymology”. An integral part the internal content of many words is the so-called motivation- the “justification” of the sound appearance of this word contained in the word and realized by the speakers. Every object, every phenomenon of reality has many signs. The cuckoo not only cries “cuckoo”, but has a certain head shape, certain habits...Motivation based on a real motivating feature can be called real In other cases it occurs fantastic motivation reflecting mythical ideas, poetic fiction and legends. May be different ways of linguistic expression of a motivating feature . The “sound matter” of language creates the possibility of “visual motivation,” allowing one to imitate, to one degree or another, the characteristic sound of an object. Much more often than “figurative”, “descriptive motivation” occurs, i.e. “description” of a motivating feature using an ordinary (word. This can be observed 1) when using a word in figurative meaning, 2) in derivatives and difficult words. “Descriptive motivation” is relative and limited: ultimately it always relies on an unmotivated word. Motivation is like a way of depicting a given meaning in a word, a more or less visual “image” of this meaning. The motivation reveals the approach of a person’s thoughts to this phenomenon, as it was at the very creation of the word, and therefore the motivation is sometimes called the “internal form of the word”, considering it as a link through which the content of the word is connected with its external form - morphological structure and sound. The internal form of the word is the semantic and structural correlation of the components of the word morpheme. The difference between motivation and meaning is clearly visible in cases where the same meaning is motivated in different languages or in synonymous words of the same language in different ways. At the same time, words with different meanings often have the same or very similar motivation. For example, squirrel, white hare(hare).. The motivation of a word is associated with its emotional connotations. This manifests itself in a conscious repulsion from words with “unpleasant” motivation. There are other specific reasons that contribute to the loss of motivation in certain cases. However, it is important to emphasize that in addition to all the specific, particular reasons, there is also a general prerequisite that makes it possible to lose the motivation of a word. This is redundancy, even the uselessness of motivation from the moment the word becomes familiar. Motivation is necessary at the moment of the birth of a word: without motivation, a word, in fact, cannot arise. A special branch of lexicology is engaged in elucidating forgotten, lost motivations and, thus, studying the origin of the corresponding words, namely: etymology. Etymology also refers to every hypothesis about the origin and original motivation of a word (in this sense, the term etymology also used in the plural). Finally, etymology is the very origin of the word and its motivation. The internal form is: 1 derivative words (tigress, tiger), words with a transfer meaning.

I. By root structure.

1. Multi-rooted- ϶ᴛᴏ actually lexical antonyms, in which the opposite is expressed by the semantics of the entire word: wealth – poverty͵ light – extinguish. Prevail in quantitative terms.

2. Single-rooted– lexico-grammatical antonyms, in which the opposite meaning is expressed through various prefixes, less often suffixes, which are also capable of entering into antonymic relationships: invest - lay out, close - open, leave - arrive, mediocre - gifted. Legal clichés can be antonyms: provision of assistance - failure to provide assistance, grievous bodily injury - minor bodily injury, mild punishment - severe punishment. On the basis of antonymous relations, the following terms are formed: purchase and sale.

II. By semantic structure.

1. Gradual(contrary, opposite) - antonyms that allow the inclusion of a middle member, an intermediate concept: white – (gray) – black; past – (present) – future. This intermediate concept is a word with a neutral meaning, from which the positive and negative members of the paradigm are measured: beloved – (indifferent) – hated.

2. Non-gradual(contradictory, contradictory) - antonyms denoting the opposition of objects, features, processes, relationships, the presence of one of which excludes the existence of the other, there is no intermediate concept: life - death, sick - healthy.

Some scientists identify another type of antonyms - antonyms-enantiosemes.Enantiosemia(Greek “opposite” + “sign”) – intraword antonymy, the essence of which is essentially that the same lexical unit can express opposite meanings in a certain situation or context: blow out the candle (extinguish it) - blow out the blast furnace (light it); break a cup (split) - create a garden (create); chop wood (split) - chop a house (build). Enantiosemia often causes ambiguity and may involve speech error: After a severe attack, the patient began move away (is the patient better or worse?) ; Students listened to lecture(did you listen carefully or didn’t listen at all?) ; Editor looked through these lines(did you read it briefly or didn’t you see it?).

III. By use in speech.

1. General language– reflect the phenomena of reality: good bad; top bottom; speak - remain silent.

2. Contextual(author's) – words contrasted in a certain context: “Wolves And sheep” (Krylov) , Οʜᴎ agreed. Wave And stone, poetry and prose, ice And flame not so different from each other(Pushkin). The polarity of these words is not fixed in dictionaries; their opposition is of an individual author's nature.

The use of antonymy by lawyers is possible only in oral monologue speech; it is striking means of expression; Antonymy is not typical for procedural acts.

Antonymy is usually characterized as a lexical phenomenon. In some works, all antonymy is reduced to lexical antonyms. Thus, the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary notes that antonyms exist only for words that contain an indication of quality in their meaning, and are necessarily words of different roots: quiet - noisy, pleasant - disgusting, therefore noisy - silent, pleasant - unpleasant - are not antonyms. “Some linguists,” wrote L. Novikov, “consider words of different roots with opposite meanings to be antonyms. However, such a definition is too rigid and does not take into account all the possibilities of expressing the opposite in language.” (42, p. 83) L.A. Bulakhovsky also considers only words with different roots to be antonyms. A.A. Reformatsky, although he recognizes root antonyms, believes that “different-root antonyms are more interesting for lexicology.” (46, p. 95) N.M. Shansky is inclined to consider both single-root and different-root words as antonyms. L.A. Novikov writes: “... language practice itself contradicts the narrow understanding of antonymy, according to which it is considered as a property of only qualitative or only words of different roots.” (42, p. 4).

The same point of view is shared by D.N. Shmelev, V.F. Ivanova, V.A. Ivanova and a number of other scientists. Revealing common, essential features in the semantics of words expressing opposite meanings, they note three main types of opposition: contrarian, complementary, vector.

The most characteristic and widespread is the contrarian opposite. It is characterized by the fact that between its extreme members there is an intermediate, middle member, for example: beauty - (charm, enchantment) - not beauty, love - (attachment, devotion) - dislike. Contrary “underlies the antonymy of words containing an indication of quality.” (42, p. 260). This type of opposition shows gradualism in the expression of a generic characteristic.

The members of complementary opposition (or complementarity, English Complementarity) are limiting, there is no intermediate member between them: pleasure - displeasure, compliance - inconsistency, trust - distrust, prudence - imprudence.

Vector opposition is based on the semantics of antonyms, expressing the multidirectionality of actions, movements, signs: meet - disperse, sunrise - sunset, start - finish (42, pp. 245-246). However, despite all the variety of manifestations of the opposite, in e? is based on a single type of relationship - the relationship of extreme negation of what is expressed by one of the antonyms. For example, good - bad, i.e. extremely bad.

T.N. Erina notes: “The meanings of words that enter into antonymous relationships are contrasted only according to one essential feature: positive or negative.” (21, p. 94) For example:

• a) disposition - disposition are opposed to each other, on the basis of a friendly / unfriendly attitude towards someone or something;
• b) hunting - reluctance - on the basis of desire/unwillingness to do something.

A mandatory feature of antonyms is regular reproducibility in speech.

M. Fomina notes: “The contrast is called correlative because only words that are in the same lexical and grammatical (based on their attribution to the same part of speech) paradigm, denoting logically compatible concepts, enter into such relationships. The basis for their comparison is the same common and essential feature for them.” (51, p. 139) Thus, semantically (and, naturally, logically) correlative words are words that characterize various kinds qualitative features, for example: beauty, color, taste, etc. The necessity of the sign of logical-semantic correlation of concepts when determining the antonymity of words naming these concepts was first clearly formulated by N.M. Shansky. However, L. Bulakhovsky also pointed out the simultaneous presence of similarities in some respect between such words.

The correlation of the most general signs of opposition is often supplemented by private, specific, semantically no less significant signs. This is observed in the antonymization of polysemantic words that differ in the specifics of their syntagmatic relationships. For example, the contrast between the words heavy (package) and light (package) is based on the essential attribute of weight; in combination with the words man, animal, head, hand, etc. (heavy hand - light hand) sign is significant physical properties; The antonymy of the combinations heavy (bulky) roof - light (non-bulky) roof is based on the sign of proportionality, etc.

Scientists notice that in the case when incompatible concepts enter into contrasting relationships, the words naming them are not antonyms. So, in the sentence: In front of us there was a low but long fence, the highlighted words are not antonyms, since the concepts “height” and “length” characterize an object with different sides, semantically not correlated with each other. In this case, we are dealing with a logical opposition (which creates the so-called antonymic situation), and not with lexical antonymy itself.

Such relationships are called opposite due to the fact that, according to the laws of logic, they mutually exclude each other. For example, an object cannot simultaneously be deep and shallow, heavy and light, etc., i.e. words with opposite meanings are at the extreme points of the lexical paradigm. Between them, a language often contains lexical units that have a certain average, semantically neutral meaning.

The antonymity of words does not depend on their grammatical form or formative components. Consequently, antonymity between words of different roots arises due to the opposite meanings of their main meaning-forming components, for example: good - bad, warm - cold, etc.

“Antonymity is also preserved in word-formation chains, the members of which are formed according to the same models,” writes E. Miller. (39, p. 88) Thus, antonyms are not only the adjectives warm - cold, but also words of different roots related to other parts of speech - the nouns warm - cold, the adverbs warm - cold. Such oppositions consistently appear in speech. As the researcher notes, if words of one part of speech are opposed, then this antonymy is called one-part antonymy. “It is the typical, most common means of expressing in language opposite phenomena, processes, objects of objective reality,” writes E. Miller. (39, p. 88).

At the same time, each of the first components of the oppositions warm - cold, warm (adv.) - cold, warm (noun) - cold is antonymous to all the second components of these oppositions, because these components are opposite in the lexical meaning of the roots, i.e. the adjective warm is antonymous not only with the adjective cold, but also with the noun cold; etc.

Interparticular antonymy is also systematically used in speech. For example: it was warm, although in August the nights usually already exuded cold.

Or: a bare idea is not viable. She must appear in clothes made of words. Here, antonymous to the adjective naked, the noun with the preposition dressed does not denote an object, but a sign of the object - just like the adjective dressed.

Finally, “mixed” oppositions of antonyms are also possible, i.e. cases when a word is an antonym and simultaneously opposes both a word of the same part of speech and a word belonging to another part of speech. For example: the room was warm... He felt a blissful feeling of warmth. It was cold in the car. It was cold on Ladoga. It was cold in the workshops. And only now Zvyagintsev felt that he was warming up.

E. Miller classifies some types of interparticular antonyms:

• 1. verb - noun;
• 2. verb - adjective;
• 3. noun - adjective.

“The identified types of oppositions in interparticular antonymy give reason to assume that any parts of speech can be antonymous if the words are formed from roots with opposite meanings,” writes E. Miller. (39, p. 89) Consequently, an adjective can be antonymous with an adverb, an adverb with a verb, an adverb with a noun, etc.

This phenomenon was noted by L. Bulakhovsky. In favor of the existence of interparticular antonymy not only in speech, but also language system evidenced by the results of the analysis of antonymous oppositions formed through derivation. “Different root antonyms are connected by a double connection: semantic relations in opposition (connections between antonyms) and formal semantic relations with their series of derivatives (word-formation links). If we arrange two word-formation paradigms according to their antonymic relationships, it turns out that the horizontal connections are semantic connections in opposition, the vertical connections are formally the semantic dependence of word-formation connections.

Word-formation and oppositional connections are disconnected here and go in different directions.” (10, p. 118)

Of course, interparticular antonymy is not meant here, but word-formation types of lexical units are established within the antonymic nests and thereby objectively prepares the basis for identifying and justifying the reality of interparticular antonymy.

Regarding antonyms, there are more or less stable classifications accepted by most scientists. According to the structure, M. Fomina identifies the following types of antonyms: multi-rooted, single-rooted. The researcher calls multi-rooted ones actually lexical. Single-root ones are also called grammatical or lexico-grammatical. In single-root antonyms, the opposite meaning is due to the addition of semantically different prefixes, which, like words, can enter into antonymic relationships. In this case we're talking about about word-formation antonyms. They were examined in more detail by A.N. Tikhonov, S.M. Saidova. Scientists note: “Word-forming antonyms are antonyms that arose as a result of derivation. They are a product of word formation.” (49, p. 69) Word-forming antonyms are formed with the help of word-forming means - suffixes, prefixes, the use of antonymous components in complex words. The researchers identified the following formations:

J. Prefix formations:

• 1. nouns;
• b) the prefix word is opposed to the prefix
• 2. adjectives:
  • a) an unprefixed word is opposed to a prefixed one
  • b) one prefix is ​​opposed to another. In this case, the antonymous meaning is expressed by correlative prefixes
• 3. adverbs: married - unmarried, a lot - a little, a little - a lot, etc.;

YY. Prefix - suffix formations:

• 1. non-derivative noun - a derived prefix-suffixal noun: faith - unbelief, action - inaction, strength - powerlessness, poison - antidote, taste - bad taste, true - fable, etc.;
• 2. suffixal adjective - prefix-suffixal formation: mustachioed - beardless, horned - hornless, strong-willed - weak-willed, happy - unhappy, well-born - rootless, etc.

Scientists also note: “In word-formation antonymy, reflected antonymy predominates, i.e. derivative words that do not themselves express antonymic relations and are antonyms because their derivators have antonymous meanings. These derived words borrow antonymic meanings from their producers, as if reflecting them in their semantic structure.” (49, p. 70)

As M. Fomina notes, “Both multi-root and single-root antonymic paradigms are represented in the language by words of the most important parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs). Among the former, antonymy is most often observed in adjectives, then in nouns and verbs.” (51, p. 141)

Single-root antonyms are found among all lexico-grammatical categories of words. Verbal antonyms are especially active in the language, since this part of speech is distinguished by a wealth of prefix formations. For example, dozens of antonyms - verbs are formed using the prefixes in- (in-) you-, for- and from-, under- and over-, etc.

Among single-root antonyms, two more groups are distinguished: antonyms - enantiosemes and antonyms - euphemisms. Among eantiosems (Gr. enantios - opposite + sema - sign) the meaning of opposite is expressed by the same word. This type of antonymy is called intraword antonymy. The semantic capabilities of this antonym are realized using context (lexically) or special constructions (syntactically). Enantiosemy is observed, for example, in the words: carry (here, into the house) - “bring” and carry (from here, from home) - “carry away”; make a reservation (intentionally) - “make a reservation” (on purpose) and make a reservation (accidentally) - “make a mistake”, etc.

It should be noted that the development of opposite meanings in the semantic structure of the same word has long been of interest to researchers. So, back in 1883-1884. IN AND. Scherzel published the work “On words with opposite meanings (or on the so-called eantiosemy).” In 1954, L. Bulakhovsky noted that “meanings can change in language to their direct opposite.”

In 1960 V. Vinogradov pointed out cases of the formation of “peculiar homoantonyms” in the language.

R. Budagov and L. Novikov consider this phenomenon as a type of antonymy, although in the latter’s work there is a remark that for modern language the phenomenon of enantiosemy is unproductive and that often intra-word splitting of meaning leads to the emergence of homonyms. N.M. Shansky considers words containing two opposite meanings as one of the varieties of homonyms.

Antonyms - euphemisms - words that express the semantics of the opposite in a restrained, gentle manner. They are usually formed using the prefix not-: beautiful - ugly, kind - unkind, etc.

Among antonyms with different roots, modern researchers distinguish the so-called antonyms - conversions. These include words that express the relation of opposition in both the original and modified statements, but not in the usual, direct order, but in the reverse:

Peter buys a house from Semyon. - Semyon sells the house to Peter.

The semantics of opposites in both different-rooted and single-rooted antonyms can reveal the concept of to varying degrees, a measure of the same quality, properties: expensive - cheap, deep - shallow, young - old, where a possible degree, gradation (or graduality) of opposition is logically assumed: young > youthful > middle-aged > elderly > old. Many antonymous pairs do not indicate the degree of quality, i.e. lack the sign of gradualism. Thus, it is impossible to imagine the semantic gradation of such antonym words as grandmother grandfather, brother - sister, day - night, west - east, father - mother, etc.

Let us note, by the way, that it is words whose semantics contain an assumed, possible degree of quality or property, etc., that are often used in euphemistic expressions; compare: young - old and young - elderly or young - not young. In the first case, the antonym-euphemism elderly somewhat more restrainedly names the degree of quality expressed by the word old. In the second, the euphemism is created by adding the prefix Not.

Thus, understanding the structural and semantic capabilities of antonymic oppositions allows you to use linguistic antonyms in speech most correctly and rationally, and choose the most meaningful of them in an informative way. And this is important characteristic feature creative use of the lexical wealth of the Russian language.

Thus, antonymy is usually characterized as a lexical phenomenon; antonyms are both words with the same root and words with different roots; the antonymity of words does not depend on their grammatical form or formative components; interparticular antonymy is also systematically used in speech; according to their structure, antonyms with different roots and single roots are distinguished; Among the single-root antonyms, antonyms - enantiosemes and antonyms - euphemisms stand out; Among antonyms with different roots, modern researchers distinguish the so-called conversion antonyms.

Opposite word relationships allow the speaker to use lexical antonymy to express opposition. This is a typical function for antonyms. In this function, antonyms appear as part of such a rhetorical figure as an antithesis: From order, small things grow, but from disorder, even large ones are upset (proverb).

The antithesis has a special effect on the imagination of listeners, causing vivid ideas about the named objects and events, feelings and emotions. But the functions of antonyms are not limited to the function of opposition. Antonyms can also express other types of relations that do not have the semantics of opposition. For example, L.A. Novikov writes that opposites can in a text “not only be opposed, as is sometimes thought, but also add up, connect, and also be compared, separated, alternate, compared, complement each other, etc.” (43, p. 126). The semantic relations that arise in antonymous pairs are truly diverse. The relationship of the union of opposites within one entity is emphasized in proverbs. For example: Every ascent has its descent. Folk wisdom speaks of the dialectics of life, of the parallel existence of mutually exclusive and at the same time interdependent features (objects, phenomena). IN works of art the relationship of combining antonyms can be demonstrated with the following example: The old man spoke about love, about forgiveness, about the duty of everyone to console friend and foe “in the name of Christ.” The homogeneity of the words friend and foe “removes” the opposite semantics of these words. The meanings of antonyms are combined, and the entire expression friend and foe takes on the meaning “each”, which is emphasized by the form singular antonyms. The comparison relations of features expressed by antonymous words help to show how great the difference is between the commensurate objects. They were usually kept in a large stone barn with small windows under the roof. The antonyms big and small demonstrate the striking contrast between the barn and the windows in it. The relationship of excluding the possibility of doing something later, if not started earlier, is emphasized by antonyms that define the time frame, morning - evening.

When antonyms express the alternation of actions (fall - get up, flare up - go out), the semantics of a sharp, rapid, even instantaneous change in the described reality is formed in speech. For example: Lights flashed far ahead of him. Dimming and flaring up, they moved in one direction. The masterful use of antonyms creates a living, moving picture of flickering lights.

In an antonymous pair, comparison relations can be realized, for example: It is easier to lose a friend than to find one. The comparison relationship is indicated by the comparative phrase.

Often antonyms enter into relationships of complementarity, for example: There would be no happiness, but misfortune would help, and He who has not seen grief has not known happiness - the existence of one (happiness) depends on the presence of the opposite in meaning (misfortune, grief).

So, the semantic potential of antonyms in speech is diverse, which makes it possible to use words with opposite meanings in different stylistic functions and in various rhetorical techniques.

antonym oxymoron antithesis Lermontov

In addition to synonyms and homonyms, polysemy is associated antonymy. Lexical antonyms(from the Greek Anti - against, Onyma - name) - these are words with opposite meanings. Antonymy is based on the opposition of correlative concepts: friend - enemy, bitter - sweet, easy - difficult, etc.

An antonymous series consists of words belonging to the same part of speech. Both significant parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.) and auxiliary parts (for example, prepositions: in - from, over - under, with - without, etc.) enter into antonymic relations. However, only those words, in lexical meaning which have the following shades of quality:
1) size, color, taste: large - small, white - black, heavy - light;
2) emotional condition: love - hate;
3) emotional action: to be upset - to be happy.

Also, words that denote temporal and spatial relationships enter into antonymic connections:
yesterday - today, ahead - behind, there - here, east - west, north - south, etc.

Words with a concrete object meaning, used in a literal rather than figurative meaning (camel, house, standing, etc.), are unable to have antonyms. Proper names, numerals, and most pronouns do not have antonyms. According to their structure, antonyms are divided into two main groups:
1) Cognate antonyms:
Luck - failure; Active - inactive; Coming - leaving, etc.
2) Different root antonyms:
Poverty is luxury; Active - passive; To accuse is to defend; Today - tomorrow, etc.

Antonymy is closely related to polysemy and synonymy. A polysemantic word can be included in different antonymic series:

In modern Russian there are also contextual antonyms, which act in antonymic relations only in a certain context. Antonyms of this type can have different grammatical forms, belonging to the same part of speech, or refer to different parts speeches, while differing stylistically. These stylistic differences are not reflected in dictionaries, for example:
...I'm stupid, and you're smart, alive, and I'm dumbfounded (M. Tsvetaeva)
Antonymy is at the core oxymoron- combinations of words (most often an adjective and a noun) that are opposite in meaning, for example:
IN fresh air it smelled of the bitter sweetness of an autumn morning (I. Bunin) And it’s not I who have gone crazy, but you who turn out to be a smart fool (M. Sholokhov)

The functional use and expressive capabilities of antonyms are varied. Antonyms are most often used in the text in pairs, expressing a wide variety of shades of meaning and meaning - comparison, contrast, etc. For example:
Words can cry and laugh,
Command, pray and conjure (B. Pasternak)

For the same purposes, antonyms are used in many proverbs and sayings of Russian folklore: Where woe to the wise man, fun for a fool; A long rope is good, but a short speech; Don’t run away from good things, and don’t do bad things. Antithesis (that is, contextual opposition) is created not only with the help of synonyms, but also with the help of antonyms. For example, antonyms are used in titles literary works, indicating that the structural basis of the work is opposition - antithesis in the broad sense of the word, woven into the fabric of the narrative:
The epic novel “War and Peace” by L. N. Tolstoy;
The novel “The Living and the Dead” by K. M. Simonov;
The story “Days and Nights” by K. M. Simonov.

Antonyms

general characteristics

Antonyms are words with opposite lexical meanings that must belong to the same part of speech. (semantic difference). ( concrete - abstract, abstract).

Individual meanings of polysemantic words can enter into antonymic relationships. ( day"part of the day" - night, day “day, date” has no antonyms. U different meanings There can be different antonyms for the same word. Nr, close with the meaning “located at a short distance” - distant, close “blood related” - alien, close “similar” - different. Polysemous words may have one antonym that has several meanings. Nr, upper with the meaning “located at the top”, “close to the upper reaches of the river” - lower (upper step - lower, upper flow - lower).

Any words can be contrasted in speech:

- close in meaning (scientists a lot of , smart few…)

Words connected in the minds of speakers association for the contiguity of concepts: brother and sister, sun and moon.

Stylistic potential of antonyms

Anton's main function. - an expression of opposites. This feature can be used for various stylistic purposes:

to indicate the limit of manifestation of a quality, property, relationship, action: “a person needs little to searched and found so that we have them to begin with Friend one and enemy one"

to actualize a statement or enhance an image, impression, etc.: “it looked like a clear evening: neither day nor night, neither light nor darkness»

to express an assessment of the opposite properties of objects, actions, etc.: “..one old man, completely minor, was worthy of my novel than all these great people..»

Built on the sharp opposition of antonyms antithesis. It can be simple (single term): the powerful always have the powerless to blame and complex : we both hate and we don’t love. Without sacrificing anything, neither anger nor love. The antithesis can be seen in the titles of works of art and the headlines of newspaper articles.

Antonymy is at the core oxymoron – a stylistic device consisting of creating a new concept by combining words with contrasting meanings: expensive cheapness and at the core pun:where is the beginning of the end.

Using one of the antonyms when another should have been used: when you're smart, you're delirious. Using a word in its opposite meaning - antiphrasis.

Antonyms can be expressed when any member of a is missing from the text. couples : face dark, but clean; His height is average or less...

Mistakes when using antonyms

Using Anton. in speech must be motivated. A combination of mutually exclusive features of an item should be avoided: the road is straight, although winding. Antonymous pairs must be composed logically. It is impossible to compare incompatible concepts.

Errors in constructing an antithesis: this book is about love and joy, hatred, suffering and grief(violation of the enumeration sequence).

Use of Anton. justified if it truly reflects the dialectical unity of the surrounding life. Sometimes Anton. do not reflect the real opposition and are perceived as a stencil: big troubles for small businesses.

The use of an unfortunate oxymoron: “hot permafrost” is the title of an article about coal mining in the Arctic. Unmotivated oxymoron manifests itself as a result of combinations of incompatible concepts : if there is a lack of materials.

Sometimes involuntary pun- the reason for the inappropriate comical statement, cat. arises as a result of the antonymy of polysemantic words, unnoticed by the author: the father’s old briefcase was still new.

Inappropriate antiphrases, those. use instead the right word its antonym can distort the meaning of the statement: the difficulty was knowing the language(must be in ignorance).

Errors in constructing antonymic pairs : they live actively, they are not spies on life(spies are people who secretly watch someone, it is necessary - contemplatives, idle observers).

The regularity of the antononic relations of words does not allow their use outside of opposition. The collision of antonyms in speech is the reason for the pun: A gap is a bottleneck commonly found in construction.

Typology of antonyms

Antonyms are heterogeneous in their structure. Some are different roots (actually lexical) : black - white, life - death.

Other single-root (lexicogrammatical) : calm - restless. In single-rooted Anton. the opposite meaning is due to the addition of semantically different prefixes, cat. can enter into antonymic relationships with each other. In this case, lexical antonymy is a consequence word formation processes. single-root antonyms are found among all lexico-grammatical categories of words. Antonym verbs are especially active, because they are distinguished by the richness of prefix formations in-, for-, from-, under-, etc. single-root antonyms-adjectives and antonyms-nouns are often formed with the help of foreign language word-forming elements: a-, de-, anti, micro-, dis-, etc. Single-rooted a.:

antonyms-enantiosemes(the meaning of the opposite is expressed by the same word). Such an antonymy intraword. The semantic possibilities of such an antonym are realized using context (lexically) or special constructions (syntactically): make a reservation ( accidentally ) "to make a mistake" make a reservation(intentionally) “to make a reservation.”

antonyms-euphemisms- words that express the semantics of the opposite in a restrained, gentle manner. Formed using the prefix not-.

Converse antonyms – mixed-root ant., words expressing the opposite in both the original and modified statements in reverse order: Peter comes to Sergei – Sergei leaves from Peter.

Antonym dictionaries

Special dictionaries of antonyms for a long time did not have. In 1971 2 dictionaries were published. In "Dictionary a. Russian Yaz.” L. Vvedenskaya explained 862 antonymous pairs. All interpretations are provided with numerous examples from works (fiction, scientific, newspaper and journalistic). The dictionary includes a theoretical section that covers issues related to lexical antonymy.

N. Kolesnikov’s dictionary explains more than 1,300 antonym words and various contrasts. It does not sufficiently cover single-root antonyms. Its dictionary includes many terms that exist in pairs: vocalism-consonantism.

In "Dictionary a. rus. Yaz.” M. Lvova, L. Novikova interpretation of the meanings of antonymic pairs is given through the presentation of phrases with these words and examples in the texts. The special sections of the dictionary indicate the main ways of forming single-root antons. , word-forming elements of an antonymic nature are listed. In the "School Dictionary a." M Lvov explains the most common antonyms. When determining meanings, the polysemy of words is taken into account, synonymous pairs are given, and style notes are given.