City status is assigned based on population. The largest cities in Russia by population

Population modern Russia lives mainly in cities. IN pre-revolutionary Russia The rural population prevailed; currently the urban population dominates (73%, 108.1 million people). Right up Until 1990, Russia experienced a constant increase in urban population, promoting a rapid increase in its specific gravity in the country's population. If in 1913 urban residents accounted for only 18%, in 1985 - 72.4%, then in 1991 their number reached 109.6 million people (73.9%).

The main source of the steady growth of the urban population during the Soviet period was the influx of rural residents into cities due to redistribution between and agriculture. An important role in ensuring high rates of annual growth of the urban population is played by the transformation of some rural settlements into urban ones with a change in their functions. To a much lesser extent urban population The country grew due to the natural increase in urban population.

Since 1991 for the first time in many decades in Russia the urban population began to decline. In 1991, the urban population decreased by 126 thousand people, in 1992 - by 752 thousand people, in 1993 - by 549 thousand people, in 1994 - by 125 thousand people, in 1995 . - for 200 thousand people. Thus, for 1991-1995. the reduction amounted to 1 million 662 thousand people. As a result, the share of the country's urban population decreased from 73.9 to 73.0%, but by 2001 it rose to 74% with an urban population of 105.6 million people.

The largest absolute reduction in the urban population occurred in Central (387 thousand people). Far Eastern (368 thousand people) and West Siberian (359 thousand people) regions. The Far Eastern (6.0%), Northern (5.0%) and Western Siberian (3.2%) regions are leading in terms of the rate of reduction. In the Asian part of the country, the absolute losses of the urban population as a whole are greater than in the European part (836 thousand people, or 3.5%, compared to 626 thousand people, or 0.7%).

The trend towards an increase in the share of the urban population continued until 1995 only in the Volga, Central Black Earth, Ural, North Caucasus and Volga-Vyatka regions, and in the last two regions the increase in urban population in 1991-1994. was minimal.

Basic reasons for the decline in urban population in Russia:

  • the changed ratio of migration flows arriving in and leaving urban settlements;
  • reduction in recent years the number of urban-type settlements (in 1991 their number was 2204; by the beginning of 1994 - 2070; 2000 - 1875; 2005-1461; 2008 - 1361);
  • negative natural population growth.

In Russia, it left its mark not only on the relationship between urban and rural population in a territorial context, but also on the structure of urban settlements.

Population of Russian cities

A city in Russia can be considered a settlement whose population exceeds 12 thousand people and more than 85% of the population of which is employed in non-agricultural production. Cities are classified according to their functions: industrial, transport, scientific centers, resort cities. Based on population, cities are divided into small (up to 50 thousand people), medium (50-100 thousand people), large (100-250 thousand people), large (250-500 thousand people), largest (500 thousand people). - 1 million people) and millionaire cities (population over 1 million people). G.M. Lappo distinguishes the category of semi-medium cities with a population of 20 to 50 thousand people. The capitals of republics, territories and regions perform several functions - they are multifunctional cities.

Before the Great Patriotic War there were two millionaire cities in Russia, in 1995 their number increased to 13 (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Kazan, Volgograd, Omsk, Perm, Rostov-on-Don, Samara, Yekaterinburg, Ufa, Chelyabinsk).

Currently (2009) there are 11 millionaire cities in Russia (Table 2).

A number of the largest cities in Russia with a population of more than 700 thousand, but less than 1 million - Perm, Volgograd, Krasnoyarsk, Saratov, Voronezh, Krasnodar, Togliatti - are sometimes called sub-millionaire cities. The first two of these cities, which were once millionaires, as well as Krasnoyarsk, are often called millionaires in journalism and semi-officially.

Most of them (except Tolyatti and partly Volgograd and Saratov) are also interregional centers of socio-economic development and attraction.

Table 2. Millionaire cities in Russia

More than 40% of the population lives in large cities of Russia. Multifunctional cities are growing very quickly, satellite cities appear next to them, forming urban agglomerations.

Millionaire cities are the centers of urban agglomerations, which additionally characterize the population and importance of the city (Table 3).

Despite the advantages of large cities, their growth is limited, as difficulties arise in providing cities with water and housing, supplying a growing population, and preserving green areas.

Rural population of Russia

Rural settlement is the distribution of residents among settlements located in rural areas. At the same time countryside The entire territory located outside urban settlements is considered. At the beginning of the 21st century. in Russia there are approximately 150 thousand rural settlements, in which about 38.8 million people live (2002 census data). The main difference between rural settlements and urban ones is that their residents are primarily engaged in agriculture. In fact, in modern Russia, only 55% of the rural population is engaged in agriculture, the remaining 45% work in industry, transport, non-production and other “urban” sectors of the economy.

Table 3. Urban agglomerations of Russia

The nature of the settlement of the rural population of Russia varies according to natural areas depending on conditions economic activity, national traditions and customs of the peoples living in those regions. These are villages, villages, hamlets, auls, temporary settlements of hunters and reindeer herders, etc. The average rural population density in Russia is approximately 2 people/km 2 . The most high density rural population is noted in the south of Russia in the Ciscaucasia ( Krasnodar region- more than 64 people/km 2).

Rural settlements are classified depending on their size (population) and functions performed. The average size of a rural settlement in Russia is 150 times smaller than a city settlement. The following groups of rural settlements are distinguished by size:

  • smallest (up to 50 inhabitants);
  • small (51-100 inhabitants);
  • medium (101-500 inhabitants);
  • large (501-1000 inhabitants);
  • the largest (over 1000 inhabitants).

Almost half (48%) of all rural settlements in the country are small, but they are home to 3% of the rural population. The largest share of rural residents (almost half) live in the largest settlements. Especially large sizes Rural settlements in the North Caucasus are distinguished, where they spread over many kilometers and number up to 50 thousand inhabitants. The share of the largest settlements in the total rural population is constantly increasing. In the 90s of the XX century. settlements of refugees and temporary migrants have appeared, cottage and holiday villages are expanding in the suburbs of large cities.

By functional type The vast majority of rural settlements (more than 90%) are agricultural. Most non-agricultural settlements are transport (near railway stations) or recreational (near sanatoriums, rest homes, other institutions), also industrial, logging, military, etc.

Within the agricultural type, settlements are distinguished:

  • with significant development of administrative, service and distribution functions (district centers);
  • with local administrative and economic functions (centers of rural administrations and central estates of large agricultural enterprises);
  • with the presence of large agricultural production (crop crews, livestock farms);
  • without manufacturing enterprises, with the development of only personal subsidiary farming.

At the same time, the size of settlements naturally decreases from rural regional centers (which are the largest) to settlements without industrial enterprises (which, as a rule, are small and minute).

Almost all residents of our country know that the largest city by population is Moscow, the capital of the Russian Federation, and the second by population is St. Petersburg, the northern “capital”. What other cities are in the top 10 by population in our country - Russia. Two cities are constantly fighting for third place, which periodically replace each other in this position - the Ural capital Yekaterinburg and the Siberian capital Novisibirsk. The population of these cities fluctuates around one and a half million people. Also in the top 10 are the following cities: Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Chelyabinsk, Omsk, Samara, Rostov-on-Don, with a population of more than one million people. All these cities belong to the million-plus cities of the Russian Federation. Also in this category of cities, in addition to the above, include the following cities: Ufa, Krasnoyarsk, Perm, Voronezh, Volgograd. Another 21 cities in our country have a population from 500,000 to 1,000,000. Other cities in the country have a smaller population.

Moscow.


The capital of the Russian Federation with a population of 12,330,126 people. The largest city not only in Russia, but also in the world, where it ranks 10th. The city was founded in 1147. Located on the Moscow River. The largest city in Europe.

Saint Petersburg.


Northern, cultural “capital” with a population of 5,225,690. The second most populous city in Russia. A hero city that was under siege for 872 days during the Great Patriotic War. Until January 26, 1924, it was called Petrograd, and until September 6, 1991, Leningrad. It was founded in 1703 by order of Peter the Great. The third city in Europe by population.

Novosibirsk


Siberian capital with a population of 1,584,138 people. The third most populous city in Russia, the largest in Siberia. Founded in 1893, it received city status in 1903. Until 1925 it was called Novo-Nikolaevsk.

Ekaterinburg.


The capital of the Urals with a population of 1,444,439 people. Founded November 7, 1723. From 1924 to 1991 it was called Sverdlovsk. During the reign of Catherine II, the Siberian Highway was laid through the city - main road to the riches of Siberia - Yekaterinburg has become a “window to Asia”, like St. Petersburg - a “window to Europe”.

Nizhny Novgorod.


It closes the top five cities in Russia in terms of population - 1,266,871 people. The city was founded in 1221 and is one of the oldest cities in our country. From 1932 to 1990 it was called Gorky.

Kazan.


Capital of the Republic of Tatarstan. Population 1,216,965 people. The city was founded in 1005. The largest tourist center.

Chelyabinsk.


Population 1,191,994. Founded 1736. The largest industrial center of the country.

Omsk.


A city in Siberia with a population of 1,178,079 people. Founded in 1716. The second city in Siberia in terms of population. Located at the confluence of the Irtysh and Om rivers.

Samara.


Population 1,170,910. Founded in 1586. From 1935 to 1991 the name Kuibyshev began. The city has the highest railway station in Europe. Samara has the longest embankment in Russia.

Rostov-on-Don.


Population 1,119,875 people. The city was founded in 1749. The city is located on the Don River. The city is called the “gateway of the Caucasus”, the southern capital.

Largest settlements Russian Federation traditionally chosen according to two criteria: occupied territory and population. The area is determined by the city master plan. Population – the All-Russian Population Census, or Rosstat data, taking into account birth and death rates, if they are current.

There are 15 largest cities in Russia with a population of more than 1 million people. According to this indicator, Russia ranks third in the world. And their number continues to grow. More recently, Krasnoyarsk and Voronezh entered this category. We present to you the top ten most densely populated Russian megacities.

Population: 1,125 thousand people.

Rostov-on-Don became a million-plus city relatively recently - only thirty years ago. It is the only one among the ten largest cities in Russia that does not have its own metro. Its construction in 2018 will only be discussed. For now, the Rostov administration is busy preparing for the upcoming World Cup.

Population: 1,170 thousand people.

In penultimate place in the list of the largest cities in Russia by population is the administrative center of the Volga region - Samara. True, starting from 1985, the population preferred to leave Samara as soon as possible, until by 2005 the situation improved. And now the city is even experiencing a slight increase in migration.

Population: 1,178 thousand people.

The migration situation in Omsk is not brilliant - many educated Omsk residents prefer to move to Moscow, St. Petersburg and neighboring Novosibirsk and Tyumen. However, since 2010, the population in the city has been growing steadily, mostly due to the redistribution of the population in the region.

Population: 1,199 thousand people.

Unfortunately, Chelyabinsk is experiencing problems with livability: residents complain about an abundance of dirt, giant puddles in the spring and summer, when due to non-working storm sewer entire neighborhoods are turning into something like Venice. It is not surprising that about 70% of Chelyabinsk residents are thinking about changing their place of residence.

Population: 1,232 thousand people.

The capital of the Republic of Tatarstan rightfully bears the title of one of the most comfortable cities in Russia. This is likely one of the reasons why the city has experienced steady population growth since the mid-90s. And since 2009, Kazan has become a plus not only due to migration, but also due to natural growth.

Population: 1,262 thousand people.

Ancient and very beautiful city not worried better times in terms of the number of residents. The peak was in 1991, when its population exceeded 1,445 thousand people, and since then it has only been falling. A slight increase was observed only in 2012–2015, when the population increased by approximately 10 thousand people.

Population: 1,456 thousand people.

The “Capital of the Urals” became a million-plus city exactly 50 years ago, in 1967. Since then, having survived the population decline in the “hungry 90s,” the city’s population has been growing slowly but steadily. It is increasing, as in all large cities of Russia, mainly due to migrants. But not the ones you thought about - the population replenishment mainly (more than 50%) comes from the Sverdlovsk region.

Population: 1,602 thousand people.

The third place in the list of the largest cities in Russia is occupied by the center of the Novosibirsk region. In addition to its million-plus status, the city can also boast of being among the top 50 cities in the world with the longest traffic jams. True, Novosibirsk residents are hardly happy about such a record.

However, unlike traffic jams, the demographic situation in the city is more or less successful. A number of regional and state programs aimed at increasing the birth rate and reducing mortality are being implemented in Novosibirsk. For example, at the birth of a third or subsequent child, the family is awarded a regional certificate for 100 thousand rubles.

According to city authorities, if the current dynamics of population growth continue, then by 2025 the number of residents of the Novosibirsk region will increase to 2.9 million people.

Population: 5,282 thousand people.

The cultural capital of Russia, where polite intellectuals bow to each other, raising their berets, and where such animals as the “bun” and “curb” live, is demonstrating steady growth in both area and population.

True, this was not always the case; Since the end of the USSR, the population preferred to leave St. Petersburg. And only since 2012, positive dynamics began to be observed. In the same year, the city's five millionth resident was born (for the second time in its history).

1. Moscow

Population: 12,381 thousand people.

It is unlikely that the answer to the question: “Which is the most big city in Russia? came as a surprise to someone. Moscow is the largest city in Europe by population, but is not among the first.

More than 12 million people live here, and if we add to this the population of the near Moscow region, who regularly travel to Moscow for work and shopping, then the figure turns out to be more than impressive - 16 million. Due to the current economic situation in the country, the population is both modern Babylon and the surrounding areas will only increase. According to expert forecasts, by 2030 this number could reach 13.6 million people.

Muscovites are traditionally not happy with those who have come in large numbers, and those who have come in large numbers shrug their shoulders: “I want to live, and I even want to live well.”

The largest cities in Russia by area

It would seem that the list of the largest cities in Russia by area should coincide with the list of the most populated cities, but this is not the case. In addition to the simple population size, the area of ​​the city is influenced by many factors - from the historical method of territorial growth to the number of industrial enterprises within the city limits. Therefore, some positions in the ranking can surprise the reader.

Area: 541.4 km²

Samara opens the top 10 largest cities in Russia. It stretches along the western bank of the Volga River for more than 50 km with a width of 20 km.

Area: 566.9 km²

The population of Omsk exceeded a million people back in 1979, the city’s territory is large and, according to Soviet tradition, the city should have acquired a metro. However, the nineties struck, and construction since then has been going neither shaky nor slow, but in general nothing. There is not even enough money for conservation.

Area: 596.51 km²

Voronezh became a million-plus city quite recently - in 2013. Some areas in it represent almost exclusively the private sector - houses, from comfortable cottages to village ones, garages, vegetable gardens.

Area: 614.16 km²

Thanks to the historically established radial-ring development, Kazan is a fairly compact city with a convenient layout. Despite its size, the capital of Tatarstan is the only million-plus city in Russia that completely recycles its waste and has managed to maintain a more or less favorable environmental situation.

Area: 621 km²

The only regional city that is not an administrative center and a million-plus population, Orsk seems to have been included in this rating by mistake. Its population is only 230 thousand people, who occupy an area of ​​621 km2, with a very low density (only 370 people per km2). The reason for such a huge territory with a small number of inhabitants is the large number of industrial enterprises within the city.

Area: 707.93 km²

Ufa residents have a spacious place to live - each person has 698 m2 of the total territory of the city. At the same time, Ufa has the lowest density of the street network among Russian megacities, which often manifests itself in huge multi-kilometer traffic jams.

Area: 799.68 km²

Perm became a million-plus city in 1979, then in the nineties, due to a general decline in the population, it lost this status for more than 20 years. Only in 2012 was it possible to return it. Permians live freely (the population density is not too high, 1310 people per km2) and green - total area green spaces account for more than a third of the citywide total.

Area: 859.4 km²

Although Volgograd became a million-plus city relatively recently - in 1991, it has long been among the top three in terms of territory size. The reason is the historically established uneven urban development, where apartment buildings, village houses with plots and empty steppe spaces.

Area: 1439 km²

Unlike the compact radial-beam “old” Moscow, St. Petersburg is freely spread out at the mouth of the Neva. The length of the city is more than 90 km. One of the features of the city is the abundance of water spaces, occupying 7% of the entire territory.

1. Moscow

Area: 2561.5 km²

And the absolute first place among the largest cities in Russia is given to Moscow. Its area is 1.5 times larger than the area of ​​the second place in the ranking, St. Petersburg. True, until 2012, the territory of Moscow was not so impressive - only 1100 km2. It grew so significantly due to the annexation of the southwestern territories, the total area of ​​which reaches 1480 km2.

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About 147 million people - this is exactly how many people live in Russia today. How many of them are women, men, children and pensioners? Which nationalities are the most numerous in the country? What are the differences between the rural and urban populations of Russia? Let's try to answer all these questions.

Population of Russia: some dry numbers

The Russian Federation is the first country in the world in terms of area and ninth in terms of population. Main demographic indicators of the state (as of 2016):

  • 146,544,710 - population of Russia (as of January 1, 2016);
  • 1.77 - total fertility rate (for 2015);
  • 18,538 - increase in the country's population in the first 11 months of 2016;
  • 8.57 people/sq. km. - average population density;
  • 20-24 years - middle age birth of the first child (for women);
  • More than 200 nations and ethnic groups live in modern Russia.

Population registration in the Russian Federation

Population census data allows us to create the most complete and accurate demographic picture of the country. This information helps to analyze the dynamics of general demographic indicators in the state or its specific region.

A population census is a labor-intensive and unified process of collecting, systematizing, analyzing and processing data about the population of a country or region. This event is carried out on the basis of the principles of confidentiality, universality and strict centralization of the entire process.

The first general survey in the history of Russia was held in 1897 under the leadership of the scientist and geographer P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky. IN Soviet era the country's inhabitants were "counted" nine more times. After the collapse of the USSR, the population census in Russia was carried out twice - in 2002 and 2010.

In addition to censuses, demographic indicators in Russia are recorded by Rosstat, territorial registry offices, and passport offices.

Current demographic situation in Russia

Total population of the Russian Federation: almost 143 million people and another 90,000 citizens living abroad. These are the data from the latest population census conducted in the country in the fall of 2010. Compared to the 2002 census, the number of residents of Russia has decreased by more than two million.

In general, the current demographic situation in Russia can be characterized as a crisis. Although it is too early to talk about the “extinction of the nation.” Moreover, in recent years, positive natural population growth has been recorded (albeit insignificant). Life expectancy in the country is also increasing. So, since 2010 it has increased from 68.9 to 70.8 years.

According to the most pessimistic scenarios, by 2030 the population of Russia will decline to approximately 142 million people. According to forecasts of optimistic demographers, its population will grow to 152 million inhabitants.

Sex and age structure of the population

According to the latest census, there are 10.8 million more women in Russia than men. And this “gap” between the sexes is only widening every year. Main reason This situation means increased mortality among men of mature (working) age. Moreover, more than half of these deaths occur due to diseases of the cardiovascular system.

The current age composition of the Russian population is as follows:

  • group of children and minors (0-14 years): 15%;
  • citizens of working age (15-64 years): 72%
  • pensioners (over 65 years): about 13%.

Ethnic composition of the population

In accordance with the current Constitution, Russia is a multinational state. Data from recent population censuses once again confirm this thesis.

Thus, in Russia there are more than two hundred nationalities and ethnic groups. The most numerous nation in the country are Russians (about 80%). However, they are distributed quite unevenly across the territory of the Russian Federation. The least number of Russians is in the Chechen Republic (no more than 2%).

Other nations whose population within Russia exceeds one percent:

  • Tatars (3.9%);
  • Ukrainians (1.4%);
  • Bashkirs (1.2%);
  • Chuvash (1%);
  • Chechens (1%).

Citizens of the Russian Federation speak several hundred languages ​​and different dialects. The most common of them are Russian, Ukrainian, Armenian, Belarusian, Tatar. But 136 languages ​​on the territory of modern Russia are under serious threat of complete extinction (according to the international organization UNESCO).

Rural and urban population of Russia

Today in Russia there are 2,386 cities and more than 134 thousand; 74% of the country's residents live in cities, 26% in villages and villages. The rural and urban populations of Russia differ greatly in ethnicity, gender and age composition, level and way of life.

In modern Russia, two seemingly incompatible trends are surprisingly combined. On the one hand, the number of villages in the country is rapidly decreasing, and “rural Russia”, glorified in poetry and prose, is gradually dying out. On the other hand, the country is characterized by so-called deurbanization (within 0.2% per year). Russia is one of the few countries in the world where people are actively moving from cities to villages for permanent place residence.

As of the beginning of 2016, the urban population of Russia is almost 109 million people.

Cities of Russia

If at least 12,000 people live in a settlement, provided that 85% of them are not employed agriculture, then it can be considered a city. All Russian cities by population are divided into:

  • small (up to 50,000 inhabitants);
  • medium (50-100 thousand);
  • large (100-250 thousand);
  • large (250-500 thousand);
  • largest (500-1000 thousand);
  • “millionaires” (with a population of over one million people).

Today the list of millionaire cities in Russia consists of 15 names. And almost 10% of the population of the Russian Federation is concentrated in these fifteen settlements.

Many large cities in Russia are developing very quickly, acquiring satellite settlements and forming urban agglomerations with stable economic and social relationships.

Villages of Russia

There are five types of rural settlements on the territory of Russia:

  • villages;
  • villages;
  • farms;
  • villages;
  • auls.

About half of all rural settlements in the country are small (the population of which does not exceed 50 people).

The traditional one is gradually dying out. And this is one of the most painful demographic problems of modern Russia. Since 1991, about 20 thousand villages have disappeared from the state map. An impressive and scary figure!

The latest population census, conducted in 2010, once again proved the sad statistics: from many Russian villages only names and empty houses remained. And we are talking here not only about the villages of Siberia or Far East. Just a few hundred kilometers from Moscow you can find recently abandoned villages. The saddest situation is observed in the Tver region, which is located exactly in the middle between the two capitals of the country - Moscow and St. Petersburg. Large migrations to these two promising megacities, combined with high mortality rates, lead to the extinction of dozens of small settlements.

Why is the Russian village dying out? There are many reasons, although they are all closely interrelated. Lack of work, normal medicine and infrastructure, total lack of amenities and the impossibility of self-realization are driving village residents to big cities.

Population of Crimea: total number, national, linguistic and religious composition

As of the beginning of 2016, 2.3 million people live within the Republic of Crimea. During 2014-2016, about 22 thousand people migrated from the peninsula to mainland Ukraine (for political reasons). During the same period of time, at least 200 thousand refugees from war-torn cities and villages of Donbass moved to Crimea.

The population of Crimea consists of representatives of 175 nationalities. The most numerous among them are Russians (68%), Ukrainians (16%), Crimean Tatars (11%), Belarusians, Azerbaijanis and Armenians. The most common language on the peninsula is Russian. In addition to this, you can often hear Crimean Tatar, Armenian, and Ukrainian speech here.

Most of the population of Crimea professes Orthodoxy. as well as Uzbeks and Azerbaijanis are adherents of the Muslim religion. The local peoples Karaites and Krymchaks are Jewish by their religion. Today there are more than 1,300 religious communities and organizations on the peninsula.

The level of urbanization in the republic is quite low - only 51%. In recent decades, the total rural population has increased significantly due to Crimean Tatars, who at this time were actively returning to their historical homeland and settled mainly in villages. Today there are 17 cities in Crimea. The largest of them (in Sevastopol, Kerch, Evpatoria and Yalta.

Conclusion

26% / 74% - this is the ratio that estimates the rural and urban population of Russia today. The state has a lot of acute demographic problems, the solution of which should be approached comprehensively. One of them is the process of extinction of villages and small towns in modern Russia.



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