We grow bonsai with our own hands. How to germinate seeds, is pre-treatment necessary?

Sakura is most often associated with Japan and its culture. Picnics in the canopy flowering trees have long been an integral attribute meeting spring in the Land of the Rising Sun. Financial and academic year here it starts on April 1, when the magnificent cherry blossoms bloom. Therefore, many significant moments in the life of the Japanese take place under the sign of their flowering. But sakura also grows well in cooler regions - certain species can be successfully grown even in Siberia.

We have prepared a hearty, incredibly appetizing and simply easy-to-prepare dish for you today. This sauce is one hundred percent universal, as it goes with every side dish: vegetables, pasta, or anything. Chicken and mushroom gravy will save you in moments when you don’t have time or don’t want to think too much about what to cook. Take your favorite side dish (you can do this in advance so everything is hot), add some gravy and dinner is ready! A real lifesaver.

Agriculture is one of those types of human activity, the successful outcome of which is not always directly proportional to the efforts made. Unfortunately, nature does not necessarily act as our ally when growing plants, and often, on the contrary, even throws up new challenges. Increased reproduction of pests, abnormal heat, late return frosts, hurricane wind, drought... And one of the springs gave us another surprise - a flood.

With the coming of the season dacha work The question arises about growing strong and healthy seedlings of our favorite vegetables: cabbage, tomatoes, sweet peppers, eggplants and many other crops. At the same time, the question arises - how to grow decent seedlings and subsequently get healthy plants and a decent harvest from them? For example, I have been growing seedlings for several seasons now and protecting my garden from diseases with the help of biological preparations Alirin-B, Gamair, Glyokladin, Trichocin.

Let me confess my love today. In love with... lavender. One of the best unpretentious, evergreen and beautiful flowering shrubs, which can be successfully grown in your garden. And if anyone thinks that lavender is a Mediterranean or at least southern resident, then you are mistaken. Lavender grows well in more northern regions, even in the Moscow region. But to grow it, you need to know some rules and features. They will be discussed in this article.

Once you have tried such an invaluable product as pumpkin, it is difficult to stop searching for new recipes for serving it to the table. Korean pumpkin, despite its pungency and spiciness, has a fresh and delicate taste. After cooking, you will need to cover the salad and let it sit for at least 15 minutes. My nutmeg pumpkin is very juicy and sweet, so there is no need to mash it. If the pumpkin is of a different variety, you can mash it with your hands so that it slightly releases the juice.

Lettuce, as the earliest and most unpretentious green crop, has always been held in high esteem by gardeners. Spring planting Most gardeners usually start by sowing lettuce, parsley and radishes. IN lately desire for healthy eating and a large selection of greens in supermarkets make gardeners think, which of these plants can be grown in their beds? In this article we will talk about nine of the most interesting, in our opinion, varieties of salad.

The flowering of indoor roses always comes with one more “bonus” - capriciousness. When they say that it is easy to grow roses in rooms, they are lying. For flowering indoor roses literally needs to be created ideal conditions. And constant care, attention and response to any plant signals is the main key to success. True, no matter how capricious roses may be, they can be grown quite successfully in a potted format. And attentive flower growers should not be afraid of this.

Pollock is best prepared as a casserole, separating the fillet from the skin and bones. Pieces of fish are mixed with a colorful assortment of vegetables and topped with a sauce of cheese, sour cream and eggs. Such fish casserole has a presentable appearance, and its taste is a bizarre mixture of subtle nuances. Vegetables and fillets will be soaked in sour cream, the cheese will harden into a golden brown crust, and the eggs will bind all the ingredients together. Pieces of fish are generously sprinkled with Italian herbs, and pollock acquires an unusual piquancy.

Despite the fact that calendar spring begins in March, you can truly feel the awakening of nature only with the advent of flowering plants in the garden. Nothing signals the arrival of spring as eloquently as clearings of blooming primroses. Their appearance is always a small celebration, because winter has receded and a new gardening season awaits us. But, besides spring primroses, there is still something to see and admire in the garden in the month of April.

Rapidly growing and turning into wild thickets, hogweed disrupts the existing ecosystem and suppresses all other plants. Essential oils, contained in the fruits and leaves of hogweed, cause severe forms of dermatitis. At the same time, it is much more difficult to control than other common weeds. Fortunately, today a product has appeared on the market that can short term rid your area of ​​most weeds, including hogweed.

Carrots happen various colors: orange, white, yellow, purple. Orange carrots contain beta-carotene and lycopene, yellow due to the presence of xanthophylls (lutein); White carrots have a lot of fiber, and purple ones contain anthocyanin, beta and alpha carotenes. But, as a rule, gardeners choose carrot varieties for sowing not by the color of the fruit, but by the timing of their ripening. We will tell you about the best early, middle and late varieties in this article.

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The long-awaited spring for many indoor plants is the period of the start of active growing season, and for the majority - the return of their decorative effect. While admiring the young leaves and emerging shoots, you should not forget that spring is also a lot of stress for all indoor plants. Sensitive to changes in conditions and universal, all indoor crops face much brighter lighting, changes in air humidity and temperature conditions.

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Admire beautiful trees not only owners of private houses, but also residents of the most ordinary apartments. Post in small room or deciduous plants will allow ancient art bonsai. The first to grow shrubs and trees in small bowls were in Ancient China, but the plants chosen were not ornamental, but edible or necessary for the manufacture of medicines.

The Japanese have always appreciated beauty and knew how to contemplate. They borrowed the practice of growing trees, but deprived them of any practical benefit. Bonsai is real art of cultivation miniature trees , which everyone can master. What difficulties might a beginning florist encounter? And how to properly form the crown of a tree?

Choosing a future bonsai style

To get an unusual and spectacular plant, you need to decide what style of bonsai attracts you. Depending on the chosen direction, the specific type of plant is selected. Beginners often make the mistake of purchasing unsuitable trees and trying to give them the required shape.

So, there are several generally accepted bonsai styles that are easy to distinguish from each other.

This style has two subtypes: classic and free. In the first case, the tree trunk must be perfectly straight and have a perfect conical shape. The lower branches are larger in volume; towards the top the branches become thinner.

Free form implies a curvature of the tree trunk, which alternately “moves away” to the right and then to the left. And yet the general direction of growth is upward.

Any plants are suitable for the vertical style, but the free subspecies is recommended for coniferous trees.

Forked trunk

This interesting shape can be obtained in one of two ways: by planting two various plants or from the same root. It will be easier for beginners to get comfortable with two different plants, and they need to be selected so that there is a clear leader in the pair. The weaker tree, however, should not be sick.

The composition can be either strictly vertical or with a slight slope.

This bonsai style requires special attention to the tree, since achieving perfect “equality” between all branches is not easy. Apical shoot pinches at a height of about a third of the total size of the tree. From this point, skeletal branches begin to grow. Necessary maintain equal proportions, the thickness of all branches should be equal. This way a beautiful and wide crown is formed.

Deciduous plants with spreading branches are suitable for this style, which in nature form a large crown.

Such a plant is rare, since several trunks at a distance from each other are formed from one tree. How to achieve such an unusual look? A seedling is selected, on one side of which the branches grow more actively than on the other. The “thick” part will become the basis for the bonsai. Excess branches on the other side are cut off, cuts are made on this side, and the tree itself is placed horizontally in a container with soil. Roots will begin to grow at the cut sites. Thus, the branches of one side will eventually turn into trunks.

This style also has many trunks emerging from a single root. But the shape of the tree itself can be almost any: vertical, curved and even inclined.

Forest style bonsats

But in this case, the number of trunks determines the number of plants. Several trees are planted at once (required odd number). The composition is formed quite compactly to emphasize the resemblance to a real forest. The central tree is usually taller than all the others; it is brought to the foreground, placing two more tall trees on the sides. All excess branches are removed, leaving bare trunks, and the crown is thinned out. But the background is represented by smaller trees with dense branches.

Interesting and unusual look plants is achieved through constant adjustments. The trunk of such a tree is constantly bending. It is quite easy to examine all the slopes, since the trunk is completely exposed, leaving only the top with young shoots. The combination of a thick old trunk and young branches is especially appreciated in this style.

Such trees are found a little more often because they look very impressive and immediately catch the eye. Cascading forms are typical for wild nature: rocky areas. Powerful root system strengthens itself in the ground, and the plant itself hangs along the rock.

Separately stands out and semi-cascade form, which differs in the level of inclination. The lower branches of such a plant should be at the level of the base of the bowl.

Sloping barrel

Another common form involves a uniform slope on one side. The trunk can be either very thin or thick, but the roots must remain open on the surface. This look gives the impression of “tearing”, as if a powerful hurricane was trying to uproot the tree.

Both deciduous and conifers trees.

Bent by the wind

The level of inclination in this bonsai style is close to critical. In nature, such forms are found on the coast, where the wind constantly blows from only one side. The trunk is formed in such difficult conditions and looks as if it is constantly under pressure.

Choosing a cutting

You can grow bonsai in different ways. If you want to choose the style of tree yourself and can wait, then do not purchase young plants, but give preference to cuttings or seeds. Last option Suitable for people who know how to wait.

The cutting is ideal for growing bonsai. It must be taken from a one-year-old (in some cases two-year-old) tree. The size of the shoot usually does not exceed 10 centimeters. In order for the root system to form quickly, add to the soil special compounds, accelerating root formation.

Make sure that the cutting is taken from a healthy plant. The shoot should have no more than 6-8 leaves. The non-woody part is removed before planting in a pot.

Choosing a ceramic bowl

A very important part of preparation is choice. the right pot for growing a bonsai tree. The bowl should not only fit into the interior and be combined with the plant, but also meet many functional requirements. So, for example, pay attention to availability of wide drainage holes . Excess moisture can cause the development of diseases, rotting of roots and cause the death of the plant.

The size of the pot should also match certain parameters. Experts recommend adhere to the following rules:

  • the depth of the bowl is equal to the diameter of the trunk at the base,
  • width - 2-3 centimeters less than the length of the branches,
  • and the length is no more than two-thirds of the width or height of the tree.

However, you should not rush to choose a suitable ceramic bowl, since the cutting is usually grown in a container and transplanted into a beautiful pot only after a year or two.

Preparing the soil before planting

Cuttings to form shoots are planted in mixture of peat and sand. The recommended depth for a shoot measuring 10 centimeters is 3 centimeters. After watering, the plant is covered with polyethylene to protect it from temperature changes, wind and sunlight.

Only after the tree gives its first shoots can it be accustomed to the sun and fresh air(if you plan to grow it on the balcony or outside).

To give the plant the right type, it is necessary first of all slow down its growth. And correctly selected soil will help with this. Soil characteristics, of course, depend on the specific type of tree. But it is still worth remembering that poor soil is the basis of bonsai. The composition usually includes peat, stones and sand, and rotted leaves. The roots are trimmed and the tree is transplanted into the prepared bowl.

The peculiarity of bonsai is that this art time is devoted daily. A good owner knows all the features of his plants, can remember all the branches and constantly monitors the condition of the trees.

First of all, you should take care of growth, or rather, its slowdown. Even poor and rocky soil can grow quite a large tree if you don't artificially contain it. For this purpose special the trunk is trimmed with pliers in several places. The juice will be used to heal wounds, and not for rapid growth.

Pruning branches also slows down this process, but this method should rarely be resorted to. In addition, the branches must be clearly structured.

It is also necessary to ensure that the tree takes the chosen shape. For this the trunk and branches are fixed with bandages or rings, even wrapped with wire.

So that the tree pleases you with its appearance for many years, try to comply simple rules:

  • regular watering should be done not from above, but at the roots of the tree;
  • branches and leaves need to be sprayed with water to nourish them and remove dust, but this procedure can only be carried out in the morning;
  • the bonsai bowl should not be in direct sunlight;
  • the plant should be protected from frost and protected from high temperatures;
  • Regular pruning of branches and roots will help shape the tree the right size and shapes.

How to grow bonsai at home: video

Bonsai is the art of growing small trees. And although it seems incredible complex process, in which it is almost impossible to get a good result, with great desire and effort, everything can work out. Growing a bonsai is indeed not easy, especially if you start from scratch rather than buying a ready-made tree. But a person who is not afraid of difficulties will be fully rewarded.

The history of the art of growing bonsai dates back several thousand years ago among Japanese monarchs. Initially, it was a privilege to devote time to caring for small trees. A little later, art became accessible to all segments of the population, and in the last century it gained worldwide distribution.

To become a professional bonsai grower, you need not only free time and patience, but also inspiration, based on a great desire to grow your own bonsai. You can start with a tree seed, but the best chance of success is to plant a sapling. You can purchase such a seedling in many garden yards and specialty stores. The main thing is to understand what exactly you want to get in the end.

To choose the optimal tree for yourself, which will please the eye and bring pleasure, you need to understand what varieties exist, as well as learn the features of their cultivation.

At home, in a small pot you can grow miniature copy almost any tree: oak, ficus, pine or birch. The tree will grow according to the same rules of nature as an ordinary street tree - in the fall it will shed yellowed leaves, and in the spring it will open buds and renew its foliage.

If you don’t want to see the same picture on the windowsill life cycle tree, like outside the window, you can buy an evergreen tree and all year round enjoy its beauty.
You can try to grow a miniature tree from an ordinary seedling. And in order for the bonsai to remain small and not grow beyond the pot, it must be constantly trimmed to form a crown and slow down its natural development.

If you still decide to try to grow bonsai yourself, to do this you need to do the following:
1. Find a suitable seedling. To do this, you will have to go to the nearest planting or forest and choose the tree you want to grow. It is advisable that the size of the seedling should not exceed 15-20 cm, and when digging it up, you must take some of its native land so that the tree can adapt more easily.

2. The seedling must be planted in a container with a low height. It is important that it is wide enough. To prepare soil for bonsai, you need to mix 3/5 garden soil, 1/5 peat and 1/5 sand.

3. After planting, the first pruning of the branches is carried out; only horizontal shoots must be left.

4. The best time The best time to plant a bonsai is in the fall, as over the next few winter months the tree will have the opportunity to adapt and take root.

5. The crown should be trimmed constantly and regularly so that the height of the branches does not exceed 30 cm. At the same time, it is important to form the shape of the crown that you want to have as a result.

6. To slow down the growth of a tree, small cuts are made on its trunk to slow down the flow of sap in the trunk.

Bonsai is replanted once every 2-3 years, this is done to remove excess roots. The size and shape of the pot should not change, otherwise the tree will begin to grow from its miniature size.

The shape of a bonsai is one of the main characteristics of a tree. To decide what shape of tree crown to form, you need to understand what types and styles of bonsai exist. There are several main styles: straight, cascade, inclined, multi-barrel. In addition, there are many varieties of these styles, each of which characterizes certain features, characteristics and symbolizes a certain attitude towards life. After all, bonsai is not biology, but philosophy.

Of course, growing a bonsai from the right seedling purchased in a specialized store is much easier, and the likelihood of the desired result is higher. In the store, along with the sprout, you can receive detailed instructions for growing bonsai, as well as the necessary fertilizers. But it’s more interesting to try to do something yourself. And by making the necessary efforts and developing your patience, you can achieve good results, which will certainly please you.

You can plant a bonsai yourself. The main thing is to choose the right plant so that it feels comfortable in environment. The cultivation technology is not at all complicated, but it requires regular monitoring of the formation, a lot of time and effort. Bonsai needs to be cared for correctly. It is important to create favorable conditions that influence appearance and growth - illumination, humidity and air temperature, watering, soil.

The bonsai growing kit includes:

  • Instructions;
  • Pot;
  • Priming;
  • Plant seeds;
  • Fertilizer.

Some kits include wire and a special tray. In principle - “any whim for your money.”

You can purchase a ready-made set in a store or order it online. In this case, you can at the same time choose any seeds at your discretion.

How long does a bonsai tree grow from seeds?

The growth period of a bonsai is determined according to the type of tree. Growing such a miniature tree from seed at home will require a lot of effort and patience.

Bonsai growth periods:

  • Caring for a seed. This process, on average, takes several years.
  • Caring for a sprout. From this point on the process becomes more interesting.

All subsequent time, the bonsai grows and pleases its creator. In Japan, such plants have been grown for centuries and millennia, passing the tree down by inheritance. Some bonsai trees live up to 4 thousand years.

The most durable are coniferous bonsai.

Today it is possible to purchase a ready-made sprout and plant it immediately. In this case, you can save several years. But you will not get a guarantee that this is actually the same tree and not a dwarf fake. The cost of a bonsai tree directly depends on the type of plant and how old it is. Seeds are inexpensive - from a few rubles apiece. And for comparison, a maple bonsai 30 cm high costs approximately 1,900 rubles, and the same plant 65 cm costs 11,900 rubles.

How to replant a bonsai yourself: a step-by-step guide

Simultaneously with replanting the tree, the soil and the bowl are replaced. Bonsai should be replanted approximately every 1–2 years, this is evidenced by its appearance and growth process.

Steps to replant a bonsai, a guide for beginners:

  • Drainage holes should be reinforced;
  • Carefully clear the roots of the tree from the soil;
  • Place the bonsai in a new environment and straighten the roots;
  • Using scissors, trim the roots by about 1/3 or move 2 cm from the edge of the bowl;
  • Place the plant tightly, pressing the soil with your fingers.

Plants up to 5 years old need to be replanted every year in the spring. The soil is changed to a new one every time. First formative tree pruning after approximately 5 years. Bonsai that are over 10 years old should be replanted once every 10–15 years.

Bonsai in new soil should not be exposed to bright sun rays during the first two weeks.

How to grow bonsai (video)

Bonsai has gained wide popularity in countries all over the world. Fans of handicrafts could not help but notice such art. Miniature trees are made from various gemstones or beads. The process of making bonsai and stones is quite creative and difficult, requiring care and imagination. Recreating the original in this way hides a mystery and special energy.

The technique of cultivating miniature trees originated in China over a thousand years ago. Bonsai literally means "plant on a tray." This technique came to Japan with Buddhist monks, who used small trees to decorate the niches of houses, so the plants were no more than 50 cm. And in the 18th century, the Japanese turned this technique into a real art, and therefore a variety of styles arose.

Bonsai can be bought, but the pleasure is not cheap. Therefore, flower growers are increasingly practicing the cultivation of such trees on their own. In order for the idea to be crowned with success, you must first decide on the type of plants suitable for growing on a “tray”.

Bonsai species diversity

The species diversity of bonsai is extensive, but beginning gardeners are advised to start with coniferous plants, because they are long-lived and quite unpretentious.

There are several main types of bonsai that combine certain types of plants:

  1. evergreens that delight with rich greenery at any time of the year
  2. spring bloomers, which bloom during the spring months
  3. blooming in summer
  4. capable of producing flowers only in autumn
  5. with an intricate shape of the trunk and branches that are revealed to the eye after the leaves fall

Any plant can be used for bonsai, but for indoor floriculture You should choose heat-loving trees and shrubs. Most often in apartments and offices you can admire the following views:

  • dwarf pomegranate
  • Ixoroi
  • acacia
  • bougainvillea
  • , or firs
  • fruit representatives of the garden, among which are, or
  • oak trees

Some craftsmen also use more fastidious representatives of green nature to create bonsai. For inexperienced craftsmen who decide to grow a miniature forest or garden in the house, any seeds of undemanding plants will do. Wisteria is often used, the small flowers of which densely cover the branches and make the plant very decorative.

The secret to creating a small copy garden tree consists of constant pruning of the crown. In order to grow bonsai from seeds at home, you will need a lot of patience and great desire. You may not succeed on the first try, so you will have to start all over again.

The process of growing a miniature plant is quite long and requires constant attention.

Conventionally, the bonsai cultivation technique can be divided into three main stages:

  1. Caring for the seed for a long time, which can last for years. The plant should be selected taking into account climatic conditions region. Ficus and pine are considered the most adaptable.
  2. Taking care of the sprout. The most crucial moment that requires tireless attention. A young plant needs to be ventilated often. And when four full-fledged leaves appear, the sprout should be replanted and after two months, fertilizing should begin. In winter, it is advisable to move the plant to the windowsill and gradually reduce fertilizing.
  3. Maintenance of an adult tree. It is necessary to constantly monitor the degree of illumination and maintain an optimal level of humidity through periodic spraying. After a certain period of time, bonsai begins.

It is important for little green friends to create optimal conditions, especially on early stages growth. To do this, you should study the characteristics and preferences of the chosen culture and satisfy all its whims.

The secret of decorative bonsai is that the trees need to be grown in a permanent container and the crown and roots must be trimmed periodically. Thanks to such segments, a balance is achieved between the above-ground and underground parts of the plant, and the desired crown is formed. In addition to pruning, other equally important cultivation conditions should be taken into account.

Care Tips:

  1. Accommodation. If you choose the right type of plant, you can grow it both indoors and outdoors. The main thing is to provide a sufficient amount of light and periodic ventilation. It is also necessary to remember that some crops have a rest period. These include decorative maple or. Some types of plants should first be kept indoors and then transplanted into the garden. Experienced gardeners claim that there are no completely outdoor crops, because if the plant is placed in a room and the necessary conditions are created, then they will gradually acclimatize and will grow no worse than outside.
  2. Selecting a container for soil preparation. The bonsai technique involves the use of light soils with good drainage capacity. Stagnation of water should not be allowed, so you need to equip the container with high-quality drainage. Containers are selected in a variety of different ways, but to create creative compositions they often take containers of different geometric shapes. The main thing is that they are not deep - this will allow for proper development. In this case, you need to ensure that the color of the container is in harmony with the color of the plant itself.
  3. Watering. Based on the fact that the size of the container is quite limited, certain methods for irrigating such plants have been developed. This is either direct watering or placing the bonsai pot in a container of water. The frequency of irrigation depends on the chosen crop: some plants can easily tolerate periods of drought, while others require constant moisture. If you do not take into account the preferences of the bonsai, the root system may be damaged, which will lead to death. It is better to water miniature trees with rainwater, but tap water will also work if it is cleaned and allowed to settle. The temperature of the irrigation water should be close to the air temperature.
  4. Plants also need spraying to maintain the required level of humidity. Such events are held several times a day in summer time. The procedures allow the plant not only to freshen up, but also wash away dust particles from the leaves.
  5. Bonsai should be fed once every 7-10 days. To do this, use any garden fertilizers: urea, sapropel and others. algae-based fertilizing is also applied, but half as often. Fertilizing provides nutrition and strengthens the crop by replenishing nutrients in the soil. Fertilizers are applied in the form of powders, granules or solution.

But when feeding, you should adhere to several basic rules:

  • at the initial stages of development, fertilizers with a low nitrogen content are used - they significantly accelerate growth
  • a high concentration of nitrogen is acceptable when the leaves have become stronger, when the first wave of growth has subsided
  • in spring and autumn it is customary to use complex balanced fertilizers. Plants with dormant periods stop feeding before the onset of cold weather

You should avoid feeding if the bonsai is sick, weakened or just transplanted.

Crown formation rules

To reduce the size of a plant, you can use various methods:

  • Seasonal pruning, which is the key to success when growing, but it must be done correctly, otherwise the plant will die.
  • Direction of growth of branches and trunk using copper or aluminum wire.
  • Creating the illusion of an old tree. To do this, remove the bark from the trunk of a living tree. But this must be done extremely carefully so as not to destroy the plant.

It is the main method of crown formation. It allows you to reduce the size of the tree, shape the location of the main branches, and also stimulate the growth of young shoots. But during such events, the bonsai experiences great stress, so manipulations can only be carried out on healthy and strong specimens.

Several types of pruning are used when forming bonsai:

  • shaping, when large branches are cut out and the trunk is truncated, creating the shape of the future plant
  • shortening branches, which allows you to increase volume and give a neat look
  • light cutting of young shoots
  • pinching to limit growth
  • pruning of roots - for the growth of new root mass

Moreover, pruning of roots and crowns should be proportional and balanced.

Interest in the bonsai technique prompted gardeners and breeders to conduct a series of experiments, thanks to which the style of this method of growing plants was formed. Today there are quite a few styles of bonsai, including:

  • "Chokkan" is presented in a classic upright style with simple and clear lines. This is the style that beginners prefer.
  • "Shakkan" - expressed in a leaning tree.
  • "Sokkan" has a forked trunk.
  • "Moegi" has a unique barrel irregular shape, but the top of the crown is directed vertically.
  • "Fukinagashi" looks like a tree bent in half, the trunk of which is parallel to the ground.
  • Group plantings that depict a miniature grove.
  • "Kengai" growing in a cascade.

Also used are styles of trees growing in stone or with a bare root system. But before you choose a specific style, you should check with experienced flower growers nuances of their formation and cultivation. Only after consultation it will become clear how difficult it is to grow such beauty.

Bonsai is not only beautiful miniatures, it is a corner of wildlife in a confined space (room or house).

The presence of such a living corner can always fill the soul with joy and good mood, calm the reeling nervous system and minimize family discord. The presence of bonsai seems to remind us that a person is a piece pristine nature, about what modern people have long been forgotten, being in a constant pursuit of technical progress.

More information can be found in the video:



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