The largest copper producer in Russia. Copper industry The importance of the copper industry in the world economy

Non-ferrous metals are divided into several groups according to their physical properties and purpose:

• heavy - copper, lead, zinc, tin, nickel;
• light - aluminum, magnesium, titanium, lithium, etc.;
• small - bismuth, cadmium, antimony, arsenic, cobalt, mercury:
• alloying agents - tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium, vanadium;
• noble - gold, silver, platinum and platinoids;
• rare and scattered - zirconium, gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, selenium, etc.

Non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia produces about 70 various types metals Three countries in the world have such a complete set of production - the USA, Germany, Japan.

Features of the raw material base of non-ferrous metallurgy:

• extremely low quantitative content of useful components in raw materials (copper from 1 to 5%, lead-zinc from 1.5 to 5.5%, etc.), i.e. to obtain 1 ton of copper it is necessary to process at least 100 tons of ore;
• exceptional multicomponent nature of raw materials (for example: Ural pyrites contain copper, iron, sulfur, gold, cadmium, silver and others, up to 30 elements in total);
• high fuel intensity and energy intensity of raw materials during processing.

A feature of non-ferrous metallurgy is the high energy intensity of raw materials in the process of their preparation for metallurgical processing and processing. In this regard, a distinction is made between fuel-intensive and electricity-intensive industries. High fuel intensity is typical, for example, for the production of nickel, alumina from nephelines, and blister copper. The production of aluminum, magnesium, calcium, titanium, etc. is characterized by increased electrical intensity. In the industry as a whole, the share of fuel and energy costs ranges from 10 to 50-65% of the total costs for 1 ton of products produced. This feature of production determines the location of non-ferrous metallurgy industries in regions that are best supplied with electricity.

Non-ferrous metallurgy industries

Main branches of non-ferrous metallurgy:

• aluminum industry;
• copper smelting or copper industry;
• lead-zinc industry;
• nickel-cobalt industry;
• tin mining industry;
• gold mining industry;
• diamond mining industry.

It should be noted that in the distribution of non-ferrous metallurgy there are usually no clearly limited areas of location (or metallurgical bases). This is due to two reasons: firstly, non-ferrous metallurgy has a complex industry structure; secondly, in many sub-sectors there is a territorial gap between the extraction and enrichment of raw materials and the smelting of finished metal.

Aluminum industry

Aluminum has high structural properties, lightness, sufficient mechanical strength, high thermal and electrical conductivity, which ensures its use in mechanical engineering, construction, and the production of consumer goods. Aluminum alloys (duralumin, silumin, etc.) have mechanical properties that are not inferior to high-grade steels.

The main raw materials for aluminum production are bauxite; nephelines and alunites, which are complex raw materials, are also used. The technological process consists of two main stages: the production of alumina and the production of aluminum metal. Geographically, these processes are in many cases separated, since the first stage is material-intensive and gravitates towards sources of raw materials, and the second is oriented in its placement towards sources of cheap energy.

In Russia, all centers for the production of aluminum metal (with the exception of the Urals) are to one degree or another removed from raw materials, being located near hydroelectric power stations (Volgograd, Volkhov, Kandalaksha, Nadvoitsy, Bratsk, Shelekhov, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk) and partly where large power plants operate on cheap fuel (Novokuznetsk).

Joint production of alumina and aluminum is carried out in the North-Western region (Volkhov) and in the Urals (Krasnoturinsk and Kamensk-Uralsky).

The aluminum industry, among other branches of non-ferrous metallurgy, stands out for its largest scale of production. The most powerful enterprises for alumina operate in Achinsk, Krasnoturinsk, Kamensk-Uralsky and Pikalyov, for aluminum - in Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk and Irkutsk (Shelekhov). Eastern Siberia produces almost 4/5 of the total amount of aluminum in the country.

Until 2007, the domestic market for aluminum products was represented by two companies: SUAL-Holding (SUAL Group) and Russian Aluminum (RUSAL).

In 2006-2007 There was a merger of the aluminum and alumina assets of the RUSAL company, which ranked third in the world in aluminum production, the SUAL group, one of the world's top ten aluminum producers, and the Swiss company Glencore, and the world's largest aluminum corporation, United Russian Aluminum Company (UK), was created RUSAL).

The main feature of the company is vertical integration within the production cycle of successive technological stages for the extraction and processing of raw materials, production of primary metal, as well as semi-finished and finished products from aluminum and its alloys.

Copper smelting or copper industry

Copper has high electrical conductivity and malleability, and is widely used in mechanical engineering, especially in the electrical industry, the construction of power and communication lines, as well as in the production of alloys with other metals.

The copper industry, due to the relatively low content of concentrates, is confined (excluding the refining of crude metal) to areas with raw material resources.

The main type of ores currently used in Russia for copper production are copper pyrites, which are represented mainly in the Urals (Krasnouralskoye, Revdinskoye, Blavinskoye, Sibaiskoye, Gaiskoye and other deposits). An important reserve is cuprous sandstones concentrated in Eastern Siberia (Udokan deposit). Copper-molybdenum ores are also found. Copper-nickel and polymetallic ores are used as additional raw materials.

The main copper production region is the Urals, which is characterized by the predominance of metallurgical processing over mining and beneficiation. Therefore, they are forced to use imported (mostly Kazakh) concentrates.

In the Urals there are enterprises for the production of blister copper and its refining. The former include the Krasnouralsk, Kirovograd, Sredneuralsk (Revda), Karabash and Mednogorsk copper smelters, and the latter include the Kyshtym and Verkhnepymensk copper-electrolyte plants.

Characterized by widespread recycling of waste for chemical purposes. At the copper smelters of Krasnouralsk, Kirovograd and Revda, sulfur dioxide gases serve as the feedstock for the production of sulfuric acid. In Krasnouralsk and Revda, phosphate fertilizers are produced based on sulfuric acid and imported apatite concentrates.

In the future, it is planned to bring into circulation new sources of raw materials for copper production. To develop the unique Udokan deposit in Eastern Siberia, a mining company of the same name (UMC) was created with the participation of American-Chinese capital. The deposit, the third largest in the world, is located near the Chara station on the BAM.

Refining, as the final stage of copper production, has little direct connection with raw materials. In fact, it is located either where there is metallurgical processing, forming specialized enterprises, or in combination with the smelting of ferrous metal, or in areas of mass consumption of finished products (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kolchugino, etc.). A favorable condition is the availability of cheap energy (1 ton of electrolytic copper consumes 3.5-5 kW/h).

Nickel-cobalt industry

Nickel, which has high hardness, is an alloying metal and is used as protective coating metal products. Nickel is part of valuable alloys with other non-ferrous metals.

Cobalt, mined from nickel ores, is used to produce cobalt alloys: magnetic, heat-resistant, super-hard, corrosion-resistant.

The nickel-cobalt industry is most closely connected with sources of raw materials, which is due to the low content of intermediate products (matte and matte) obtained during the processing of the original ores. In Russia, two types of ores are exploited: sulfide (copper-nickel), which are known on the Kola Peninsula (Nickel) and in the lower reaches of the Yenisei (Norilsk), and oxidized ores in the Urals (Verkhniy Ufaley, Orsk, Rezh). The Norilsk region is especially rich in sulfide ores. Sources of raw materials have been identified here (Talnakh and Oktyabrskoye deposits), which makes it possible to further expand the metallurgical processing of nickel.

The Norilsk region is the largest center for the integrated use of copper-nickel ores. At the plant operating here, which combines all stages of the technological process - from raw materials to finished products, nickel, cobalt, platinum (together with platinum group metals), copper and some other rare metals are produced. By recycling waste, sulfuric acid, soda and other chemical products are obtained.

OJSC * Mining and Metallurgical Company "Norilsk" Nickel is Russia's largest and one of the world's largest companies producing precious and non-ferrous metals. It accounts for more than 20% of global nickel production, more than 10% of cobalt and 3% of copper. In the domestic market, the share of OJSC MMC Norilsk Nickel accounts for about 96% of all nickel produced in the country, 55% of copper, 95% of cobalt.

Lead-zinc industry focuses on the raw material and fuel base: Kuzbass - Salair, Transbaikalia - Nerchinsk, Far East - Dalnegorsk, etc. The tin industry is developed in the Far East: Sherlovogorsky, Khrustalnensky, Solnechny GOK.

Diamond mining industry. Diamonds are one of the most important income sources of domestic exports. The country receives about $1.5 billion annually from their sales. Currently, almost all domestic diamonds are mined in Yakutia. In two diamond-bearing areas of the Vilyui River basin, there are several mines, including such well-known ones as Yubileiny and Udachny (85% of total production). In the eastern regions of the country, diamonds were also found in Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk Territory and Irkutsk Region). Joint-stock company "AL ROSA" is one of the world leaders in the field of exploration, production and sale of diamonds, polished diamond production. AK "AL ROSA" mines 97% of all diamonds Russian Federation. The company's share in global diamond production is 25%.

Development prospects are outlined in the federal programs: “Development of the ore base of non-ferrous metallurgy”, “National program for the development of metallurgy in Russia”.

"Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company" (UMMC) is one of the largest metallurgical holdings, which unites more than 40 enterprises various industries industry. The basis of the company is a closed technological chain of copper production: from the extraction of raw materials to the production of finished products based on copper and its alloys. UMMC's share accounts for 43.4% of Russian copper (1.8% of the world volume). In addition, the company has a strong position in the zinc, lead and precious metals markets.

1. The head office of UMMC is located in the city of Verkhnyaya Pyshma, not far from Yekaterinburg.

Copper production begins with the extraction of raw materials. This is done by 9 enterprises of the company's mineral resources complex. Each of the deposits has its own characteristics - at one the copper content in the ore can be 1.5%, and at another - up to 2.5%.

3. The largest enterprise in the raw materials complex. Located in the city of Gai, Orenburg region. More than 70% of the region's copper reserves are concentrated here.

4. Ore is mined here both in an open pit and in an underground mine.

5. The maximum depth of the lower production horizons will be 1,310 meters. This is one of the few enterprises in Russia that mines copper at such a great depth.

6. Drilling tunnel complex.

7. Every year the enterprise mines about 8 million tons of ore and produces 550 thousand tons of copper concentrate (more than 90 thousand tons of copper).

8. All mined ores are processed at the plant’s own processing plant. To enrich the ore, it is necessary to separate the gangue minerals from the valuable minerals, then separate the copper and zinc minerals from each other, and, if necessary, lead, if its content in the ore is high enough.

9. At the processing plant, concentrates are produced from the mined ore. Copper concentrate is sent to copper smelters, in particular to the Mednogorsk copper-sulfur plant and the Sredneuralsk copper smelter in Revda, and zinc concentrate is sent to the zinc plant in Chelyabinsk and Electrozinc in Vladikavkaz.

10. . Located in the north of the Sverdlovsk region.

11. Copper-zinc ore is mined here, which, after processing at a crushing and sorting complex, is transported to the Svyatogora processing plant, located in the city of Krasnouralsk.

12. In March 2014, open pit mining of the Tarnier deposit was completed. Now the company is developing the Shemurskoye field and is beginning to develop the Novo-Shemurskoye field.

13. Due to the inaccessibility of the mine, mining here is carried out on a rotational basis.

14. . The Sibay quarry is the deepest quarry in Russia and the second deepest in the world. Its depth was 504 meters and its diameter was more than two kilometers.

16. For safety at the mine it is used remote control LDM (Loading and Delivery Machine).

17. Copper and zinc concentrates produced at the Uchalinsky GOK are subsequently supplied to the Sredneuralsky Copper Smelter, Svyatogor, Electrozinc, and the Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant.

18. . The company develops the Yubileinoye deposit and specializes in the extraction and processing of copper ores. Copper concentrate is sent to the Sredneuralsk Copper Smelter, and zinc concentrate is sent to the Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant.

19. Currently, open-pit mining of the Yubileinoye deposit is being completed; in connection with this, the enterprise is constructing an underground mine.

20. The reserves of the underground mine are estimated by experts at about 100 million tons, which will provide the enterprise with work for more than 30 years.

21. The Khaibullinsky concentrating plant has installed modern equipment from Japan, Australia, South Africa, Italy, Finland and Germany. Enrichment makes it possible to obtain copper concentrate with a copper content of up to 20%, which is almost 13 times higher than in ore. The degree of zinc enrichment is even higher - 35 times or more, while mass fraction zinc in zinc concentrate reaches 50–52%.

22. . The plant is engaged in the extraction and enrichment of copper ore, which is sent to the Mednogorsk copper and sulfur plant. In July 2015, the Yuzhny shaft with a depth of 492 meters was launched at the mining and processing plant with the release of the first car of rock mass. The first ore in the shaft will be mined in mid-2016. The construction of a new facility will increase the design life of the enterprise until 2030.

23. . The company is developing the Safyanovskoye copper-pyrite deposit, which is located in the Sverdlovsk region and accounts for about 3% of the all-Russian production of copper-containing ores.

24. Over the entire period of operation of the quarry, 17.8 million tons of ore were mined and more than 39.7 million cubic meters of stripping work were performed. Today its depth is 185 meters (in the future it will increase to 265 meters). Open pit mining of the Safyanovskoye deposit is now being completed, and the enterprise is moving on to underground ore mining.

25. In December 2014, the first start-up complex of the underground mine was put into operation and the first tons of ore were obtained.

26. It is expected that ore mining from the deep horizons of the Safyanovskoye deposit will continue for at least 25 years.

27. . It mines and enriches copper pyrite ore in the foothills of the North Caucasus.

28. Currently, ore is mined at a depth of 523 meters.

29. The main type of product of the enterprise is copper concentrate; in addition to copper, gold and silver are extracted.

thirty. . The company is located in the city of Rubtsovsk Altai Territory. The main products are copper and zinc concentrates, which are supplied to the Sredneuralsk Copper Smelter and the Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant.

31. “Sibir-Polymetals” was created in 1998 with the aim of reviving the mining of polymetallic ores in the Altai Territory.

33. The presence of the Rubtsovskaya and Zarechenskaya concentration factories within the enterprise makes it possible to have a complete technological cycle for processing the mined ore.

Blister copper production

34. Blister copper is obtained by smelting copper concentrate and separating slag. The metal content in blister copper is 98-99%.

A full technological cycle enterprise for the production of blister copper, located in the Sverdlovsk region. Copper and copper-zinc ores from the Northern Group deposits are processed at a processing plant, which produces 3 types of concentrate - copper, iron and zinc.

35. The main production site of Svyatogor is the metallurgical workshop. From here, blister copper is sent for further processing to Uralelectromed.

36. . The city-forming enterprise of the city of Mednogorsk in the Orenburg region, specializing in the production of blister copper.

37. MMSC production facilities include a copper smelting shop, a briquette factory, a sulfuric acid shop, a dust processing shop, as well as a number of auxiliary departments.

39. Over its 75-year history, the enterprise has produced over 1.5 million tons of blister copper.

40. . The largest blister copper production enterprise within UMMC, located in the city of Revda (Sverdlovsk region). The enterprise's capacity is designed to produce about 150 thousand tons of blister copper, which is then sent for further processing to Uralelectromed.

41. The founding date of the plant is June 25, 1940. To date, SUMZ has already smelted more than 6 million tons of blister copper.

42. After the completion of large-scale reconstruction, the degree of utilization of waste gases, including converter gases, reached 99.7%. Consumers of SUMZ products are the largest metallurgical, chemical, mining and processing enterprises in Russia, near and far abroad.

43. . One of the oldest enterprises in North Ossetia, located in the city of Vladikavkaz.

44. The founding date of the plant is considered to be November 4, 1904, when the first metallic Russian zinc was produced at the enterprise.

45. The main products of the enterprise are refined (containing 99.9%) zinc, as well as lead, which is obtained from copper smelting waste.

46. ​​. The head enterprise of UMMC is located in the city of Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Sverdlovsk region.

47. Every year the enterprise produces over 380 thousand tons of refined copper - the most in Russia!

49. The company supplies its products to partners from 15 countries in Europe, Northern and South America, South-East Asia.

50. In addition to copper, the company produces gold and silver. Uralelectromed became the world's first copper enterprise included in the London Precious Metals Market Association's Good Delivery list of recognized global producers of precious metals.

51. Gold is produced using hydrochemical technology by dissolving gold products in “aqua regia” (a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acid) and subsequent precipitation from solutions. When the resulting sediment is melted down, gold bars are obtained.

52. Branch "Production of polymetals" of OJSC "Uralelectromed". Located in the city of Kirovgrad, Sverdlovsk region. The company specializes in the production of blister copper and zinc oxide.

Metalworking

To manage non-ferrous metals processing enterprises, UMMC-OTsM was created. Their products are used in the automotive, mechanical and electrical engineering industries.

55. The company exports rolled products to the USA, Western Europe, Southeast Asia and neighboring countries.

Sochi Olympic coins and Indian rupees were made from the coin tape of the Kirov OCM plant. The thickness of the thinnest foil produced at the enterprise is 25 microns. Which is three times thinner than a human hair.

56. . Located in Vladimir region, produces more than 20 thousand standard sizes of products in the form of pipes, rods and profiles from 72 grades of alloys.

57. In terms of the variety of finished products, the enterprise is the only universal manufacturer of rolled products in the CIS.

58. The Kolchuginsky plant also produces the famous glass holders that each of us met on long-distance trains.

59. . Located near the town of Majdanpek in the Republic of Serbia. Specializes in the production of copper pipes for water supply, heating, cooling and air conditioning systems.

60. The plant exports more than 80% of its products. Copper pipes are represented on the markets of Great Britain, Germany, Italy, France, Canada, Holland, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Ukraine, Israel and the countries of the former Yugoslavia.

61. . The plant is one of the leaders among enterprises producing products for mechanical engineering.

Copper industry

(a. copper industry; n. Kupferindustrie; f. industry du cuivre; And. industria de cobre) is a sub-sector of non-ferrous metallurgy, uniting enterprises for the extraction and processing of ores and copper production. In terms of consumption volume it ranks 2nd in the world among non-ferrous metals (after aluminum). Basic a number of copper ores are mined during the development of deposits of copper-porphyry type, copper-nickel, copper-pyrite and cuprous sandstones and shales; Skarn and quartz-sulfide deposits are of lesser importance.
Copper ores contain, in addition to copper, zinc, lead, cobalt, precious, cepy, tellurium, cadmium, germanium, gallium and other elements. Therefore, when producing copper, they receive another approx. 20 valuable elements and St. 40 types of commercial products: copper, zinc, molybdenum and lead concentrates, flotation, rough and refined copper, silver, platinum, lead, cadmium, sulfuric acid, elemental cepy, molybdenum, copper and nickel sulfate, copper powder, etc.
Copper is one of the first metals of human civilization. The oldest copper objects and pieces of ore were discovered in early agriculture. settlements of Western Asia (4th millennium BC). Copper alloys were the main material for the production of tools and weapons in the Bronze Age (late 4th - early 1st millennium BC). The oldest bronze tools found in South. Iran, Turkey and Mesopotamia, date back to the 4th millennium BC. Later they spread to Egypt (from the end of the 4th millennium BC), India (from the end of the 3rd millennium BC), China (from the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC). BC) and in Europe (from the 2nd millennium BC).
M. p. in Russia arose in the beginning. 17th century In 1630-53 the Pyskorsky and Kazansky factories were built. B beginning 18th century Russia smelted approximately 3 thousand tons of copper annually (20% of global production), and by the end. 18th century - 6.2 thousand tons. Low tech. production led to stagnation and decline of M. p. in the end. 18th century The smelting was carried out in shaft furnaces with a large consumption of charcoal (up to 40% of the entire smelted charge), and that means. metal losses (approx. 50% of the copper content in the ore). In 1908-12, in connection with the transition to pyrite smelting of sulphurous copper pyrites, there was a rise in the production rate. In 1914-16, the largest copper smelting plants were located in the Urals: Karabashsky (annual over 7 thousand tons), Bogoslovsky (over 3 thousand tons), Kalatinsky (approx. 2 thousand tons). The remaining plants were small handicraft industries with a total smelting of approx. 4 thousand tons per year. 75% of copper mining enterprises were pre-revolutionary. Russia was in the hands of foreigners. concessionaires.
Bo during the 1st World War 1914-18 and Civil War 1918-20 copper mining enterprises were completely destroyed. In 1922, the first copper smelting plant was launched - Kalatinsky (now Kirovgrad). By 1928, the copper mines and factories of the Urals were restored and partially reconstructed. During the pre-war five-year plans (1929-40), the Krasnouralsk, Sredneuralsk and Balkhash copper smelting plants, the Mednogorsk copper-sulfur plant and the copper electrolyte plant in Pyshma came into operation. Much success reached the M. point of the CCCP in the first years of the 3rd Five-Year Plan (1938-40). By 1940 CCCP took one of the leading places in the world in copper production. Bo time Great Fatherland. war 1941-45 M. p. was mainly concentrated in the Urals.
B 1946-60 along with the expansion and reconstruction of old industrial facilities. centers in the Urals, Kazakhstan and Transcaucasia, new complexes were created with a high level of production technology in Cp. Asia, Siberia, Kazakhstan, the Caucasus and South. Urals, which allowed CCCP to become one of the leading copper producing countries.
All mining and processed M. p. enterprises are equipped with modern technology and advanced technology. Most common open development. When extracting ores, transport is used. development. In mines, modifications of mining systems with an open clearing space and sub-level and floor caving systems are used. In order to reduce ore losses, mining systems are being introduced to fill the mined-out space with hardening mixtures. During the development of copper-nickel deposits, mechanization was developed. a variant of the development system in horizontal layers with a backfill. Ha will prepare. works use highly productive. drilling and loading complexes of self-propelled equipment. Basic the volume of drilling is carried out by drilling machines equipped with manipulators; When drilling large-diameter wells, drilling rigs with down-the-hole pneumatic hammers are used.
Enrichment of copper ores is by flotation; additional grinding of coarse concentrates is common. The introduction of progressive collective-selective enrichment schemes during the processing of complex copper-containing ores ensures the selective isolation of high-quality materials. concentrates and high degree of metal recovery. Most copper-nickel will enrich. The factory works using collective flotation of sulfides and subsequent production of nickel, copper and pyrrhotite concentrates. In individual plants, pyrrhotite is obtained by magnetic separation. In world practice, 80% of copper is smelted from pyrometallurgical concentrates. methods. The most commonly used copper production scheme includes: smelting (mainly in reverberatory furnaces or electric furnaces), converting, fire or electrolytic. refining. To more completely extract all metals from copper concentrates, reflective smelting is being replaced by new processes (oxygen-suspension smelting, liquid bath smelting). Hydrometallurgical copper production methods are used for low-grade oxidized and native ores (selective dissolution of copper-containing minerals, electrolysis). Autoclave processes are becoming more common. Development and implementation of hydrometallurgical. schemes and improvement of prometallurgical. processes help to increase the integrated use of raw materials and intensify production.
Among foreign socialists. countries M. p. is developed in Poland, Mongolia, Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria. The production of copper in the SFRY and the DPRK has increased significantly.
B capitalistic countries by the beginning 20th century total ore production increased to 1 million tons, and on the eve of the 2nd World War 1939-45 exceeded 2 million tons; in the 50s - early 80s noted fast growth: for 1950-84, the annual volume of production among industrialized capitalist countries. and developing countries increased almost 3 times and reached 6.3 million tons. This means. shifts have also occurred in the placement of M. p. If in cep. 19th century came to one of the first places in the world in copper production, then to the end. 19 - beginning 20th centuries the center of production moved from Europe to the North. America. From the beginning 60s There is a further expansion of copper ore mining in developing countries, as well as in Canada and Australia (table).

In 1984, developing states accounted for St. 60% of all ore mined; an increase in their share in copper production in the beginning. 80s due to ch. arr. increasing production in Pery, the Philippines, as well as developing deposits in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia.
The underground method provides 30% of the total ore production, 70% - open. The trend towards an increase in the share of open-pit mining is associated with the predominance of low-grade disseminated copper ores in reserves. B 1980 in industrialized capitalist countries. and developing countries operated approx. 80 actual copper mines, 60 copper-molybdenum and copper-nickel mines and 200 mines for the extraction of polymetals, in which copper is the main product.
K start 80s due to the nationalization of copper mining enterprises in developing countries, as well as competition between monopolies. associations of various countries to the share of 8 large copper mining monopolies, which for half a century provided up to 70% of the world's capital. mining accounted for only 25% of the total volume of copper production. C con. 70s leading positions in copper production began to be occupied by the state. companies from developing countries, which in the beginning. 80s provided St. 30% of copper production in capitalist. world.
Until sep. 60s ores and concentrates did not play creatures. roles in international copper trade. Ha ext. The market received a small amount of ores from small companies, which themselves could not carry out complete processing of raw materials. B 1965-84 world capitalist. exports of ores and concentrates increased almost 6 times due to an increase in the capacity of smelting plants in the main countries. copper consumers, as well as mining companies in developing countries, often financed by foreigners. companies on the terms of repaying loans by supplying their products. Important feature international copper trade is the formation in 1967 of the Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries (SGPEC), which includes Chile, Pery, Zaire, associated countries: Papua New, Mauritania,. B beginning 80s share of ores and concentrates in total capital. export of copper of all types amounted (%): 25-30 (against 8 in 1965), blister copper - 15-16 (28), refined metal - 55-60 (64). Basic suppliers of copper concentrates (72% of total exports in 1984) are the Philippines, Papua New Guinea and Chile. The leading buyers of copper ores and concentrates on the world market are the Federal Republic of Germany (over 3/4 of total capitalist imports), whose copper smelting enterprises operate predominantly. on imported raw materials. A. N. Oglobin, G. Z. Giniyatullin, O. A. Lytkina.

Mountain encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Edited by E. A. Kozlovsky. 1984-1991 .

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Introduction 3
1. general characteristics copper industry 4
2. Characteristics of the Russian copper industry 8
2.1 Raw material base of the Russian copper industry 8
2.2 Analysis of the modern copper industry in Russia and the Urals 10
Conclusion 15
References 17

Introduction

Non-ferrous metallurgy includes the extraction, beneficiation and metallurgical processing of ores of non-ferrous, precious and rare metals, including the production of alloys, rolling of non-ferrous metals and processing of secondary raw materials, as well as diamond mining. Participating in the creation of structural materials is increasingly High Quality, it performs essential functions in the conditions of modern scientific and technological progress. One of the key branches of non-ferrous metallurgy is the copper industry.
Copper is one of the first metals of human civilization. The oldest copper objects and pieces of ore were discovered at excavations of early agricultural settlements in Western Asia. Copper alloys were the main material for the production of tools and weapons in the Bronze Age. The oldest bronze tools found in Southern Iran, Turkey and Mesopotamia date back to the 4th millennium BC. e. In Russia, the copper industry arose in early XVII V. In 1630-1653. Pyskorsky and Kazan plants were built in the Urals.
The purpose of the work is to study the geography of the Russian copper industry....................................

Conclusion

In conclusion, the following conclusions can be drawn.
In terms of proven copper reserves, Russia ranks third in the world, behind Chile and the United States. Copper reserves have been explored in 120 deposits, of which 52% are contained in deposits of pyrite copper and copper-zinc ores and cuprous sandstones, 45% in deposits of sulfide copper-nickel ores, 1.3% in polymetallic ores, 0.7% in tungsten and molybdenum and 0.6% - in tin. About 1% of copper reserves have been explored in gold and iron ore deposits.
The largest copper deposits in Russia are Oktyabrskoye and Talnakhskoye in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Norilsk mining region, copper-nickel ores), Gaiskoye, Podolskoye and Volkovskoye in the Urals, Udokanskoye in Transbaikalia.
Despite the presence of significant proven copper reserves in Russia, the degree of their industrial development is relatively low: exploited deposits account for less than half of all proven reserves. The development of copper ores in Russia is carried out using both open and underground methods.
In Russia, the extraction and beneficiation of copper ores is carried out by 13 mining and processing enterprises. The main amount of copper (70-75%) is mined from deposits of copper-nickel ores by enterprises of RAO Norilsk Nickel. The second largest copper mining volumes (25-27%) are pyrite copper and copper-zinc ores, deposits of which are developed in the Urals (Orenburg, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk regions and the Republic of Bashkortostan) and the North Caucasus (Karachay-Cherkessia). Long-term and intensive development of copper deposits in the Urals has led to the depletion of the mineral resource base of existing enterprises.
The domestic Russian copper market is mainly determined by demand from the two most capacious consumers - the electrical industry and non-ferrous metallurgy manufacturing enterprises (alloys, foil, powders, etc.). Experts assess the country's modern copper industry as steadily developing.

List of used literature:

1. Vanyukov A.V., Utkin M.I. Complex processing of copper and nickel raw materials. Chelyabinsk, 1988
2. Copper smelting production – development and prospects. Alma-Ata, 1978
3. Economic geography of Russia. /Ed. Morozova T.G. –M.: UNIGI-DANA, 2001.
4. Economic, social and political geography. Regions and countries. /Ed. Lavrova S.B., Kaledina N.V. –M.: Gardariki, 2003.
5. Economic geography of Russia. /Gladky Yu.N., Dobroskok V.A., Semenov S.P. –M.: Gardariki, 1999.
6. Economic geography and regional studies. /Vavilova E.V. –M.: Gardariki, 2006.
7. Economic geography of Russia. /Ed. Vidyapina V.I. –M.: INFRA-M, Russian Economic Academy, 2006.
8. www.gks.ru – official website of Rosstat
9. www.raexpert.ru – website of RA Expert

Among non-ferrous metals in terms of consumption, copper is in second place, second only to aluminum. Possessing high corrosion resistance, thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity, as well as easy deformability, it is used primarily in the form of electrolytic copper and electrical conductor. A significant amount of copper is used in the form of alloys. A wide range of applications determines stable demand in the global market. Moreover, with a slight reduction in the use of copper in some industries, the areas of its consumption are expanding, for example, in the manufacture of electric vehicles, heat pumps, desalination devices, etc.

Copper ore mining. The largest reserves of copper ore are concentrated in America (Chile, Peru, USA, Mexico, Canada), Australia, China, Poland, Russia, Kazakhstan, and Zambia.

However, back in the first half of the 19th century. England occupied a leading position in the copper mining industry (50% of world production). But its share in global production began to fall rapidly, not only because of the depletion of reserves and the abolition of import duties on imported copper ore. Already in the second half of the 19th century. New states appeared and began to develop large copper deposits (Chile, USA, Peru). And the center of ore mining gradually moved from Europe to America.

Major changes in the geography of copper mining also occurred in the mid-20th century, when, thanks to the development of rich deposits in Central Africa, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) and the Belgian Congo (Zaire, now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) were included in the number of mining countries. Copper ore mining in Chile continued to grow. Share European countries, although their production has also increased slightly, global copper production has been steadily decreasing.

On the eve of the First World War, the total copper production (in terms of metal content) was about 1 million tons, before the Second World War it already exceeded 2 million tons (in terms of metal content in ore), in 1970 - 6.5, and in 2007. - 15 million tons. For many decades, the leading position in the industry was occupied by the USA (1900-1913 - about 60%, 1937 - 34, 1950 - 32, 1970 - 24%). In the 1950s-1960s. There was a further expansion of production in Northern Rhodesia and the Belgian Congo, as well as in Canada, where new deposits were being developed. Northern Rhodesia rose to second place in the world, even ahead of Chile, and in total African countries produced more copper than the United States (although in 1960 they were still the leader in world production).

In the non-ferrous metallurgy of the USA, as well as in Western European countries, there was a shift towards the use of low-grade ores (0.8-1.0% copper in ore), since as a result of intensive exploitation of the richest areas of copper ore deposits, the average copper content in mined ores systematically decreased. This led to changes in mining placement

within countries, as well as to some increase in the cost of a unit of production. The use of poorer ores would not have been possible without the progress of processing technology and without the use of complex methods for their use in the conditions of scientific and technological revolution (for example, copper-molybdenum ores in the USA and Chile and copper-nickel ores in Canada). There was a tendency towards greater use of cheap (metal-poor) ores from deposits controlled by American capital in other countries of the world. Thus, the average copper content in the ores of the Congo was 6.4%, in Northern Rhodesia - 3.6-3.8%, and wage workers in African mines was tens of times lower than in developed countries ah West.

In 1970, 6.5 million tons of copper ore were mined in the world and the leaders in the industry were the USA (24%), USSR (14%), Zambia (13), Chile (11), Canada (9%). At the same time, the total share of the three American states of the USA, Chile and Canada was 44%. In the 1980-1990s. The share of Latin American countries (especially Chile), as well as Asian countries, continued to increase. At the same time, the share of Eastern European countries decreased (although not very significantly), and the share of African countries in this industry quickly decreased.

By the beginning of XXI. V. World copper production exceeded 13 million tons, and again some changes in the location of enterprises mining ore and producing concentrates should be characterized. The leaders in global copper ore production are Chile and the USA. And the share of three American states (Chile, USA, Canada) exceeded 50% of global production. At the same time, the share of African copper producers in Zambia and the DRC has fallen by half compared to the 1980s. It should be noted that Indonesia, Australia, and China have emerged as major copper producers (Table 7.25).

Table 7.25

Copper mining (by metal content in ore)

in leading countries, million tons

End of table. 7.25

Copper ores and their concentrates are much poorer in metal than aluminum ores. This makes it necessary to link ore beneficiation and even the production of blister copper to the ore mining sites. Copper production by leaching and selective extraction is growing. Considering investment policy in the global copper mining industry at the end of the 20th century, two main directions can be distinguished.

Firstly, the development and development of unique, rich deposits takes place. Thus, in 1988, the new Neves Corvo copper plant was put into operation in Portugal with a design capacity of 400 thousand tons of concentrate per year with 25% copper content (the average copper content in the mined ores is 0.9%, and at this mine - 7.7%). In 1991, the Escondida plant was put into operation in Chile. Ore reserves there are mined by open-pit mining, and the plant receives ore with a copper content of 2.8%, and the annual production of copper in concentrates is more than 300 tons.

Secondly, a method is used for leaching low-grade copper ores (with a copper content of 0.15-0.5%) mainly from dumps. It has found the greatest application in areas where copper mining has been going on for many years (for example, in the USA up to 25% of copper is mined in this way). The cost of producing refined copper using this method is half that of the conventional scheme of mining, beneficiation and pyrometallurgical processing.

Smelting of blister copper. Copper has been known to mankind since time immemorial. However, industrial scale smelting

learned copper only from the end of the 19th century. There still remains a territorial gap between the production and consumption of copper smelting products. So, even in the 1990s. ratio of economically developed and developing countries foreign world in copper ore reserves was approximately 30:70, in the production of copper concentrates - 40:60, blister copper - 55:45, refined copper - 66:34, and in refined copper consumption this ratio was 85:15.

Most of the world's blister copper smelting (more than 12.5 million tons, 2010) is concentrated where it is mined. This is explained by the relatively low unit costs of fuel at copper smelters, as well as the relatively low copper content not only in its ores, but also in concentrates (15-25%). For these reasons, more copper enters the world market in the form of metal (blister or refined copper) than in the form of concentrates.

In 1950, almost all blister copper production in the world was concentrated in just 10 countries: the USA, Chile, Zambia, Canada, Zaire, Great Britain, the USSR, Germany, Mexico, Yugoslavia.

Currently, the world leaders in blister copper smelting are: China (20%), Chile, Japan, India, Russia, USA, Republic of Korea, Poland, Australia, Canada, Kazakhstan.

Smelting of refined copper. Refining, as the final stage of copper production, has little to do with raw materials. It was and is being carried out now either where there is metallurgical processing at specialized enterprises, which is combined with the smelting of crude metal, or in areas of mass consumption of finished products. At the same time, there is a group of countries that carry out large volumes of both copper mining and the production of rough and refined copper: the USA, Chile, Canada, Australia, Zambia. Smelting is also growing in developing countries (Peru, Republic of Korea, Mexico). Quite a significant amount of refined copper is produced in developed countries that do not have their own raw material base (Japan, Belgium, Germany).

The production of refined copper (primary and secondary in total) in the world exceeded 17 million tons by 2013. The top three countries account for about 70% of the smelting. The leading positions are occupied by: China, Chile, USA, Japan, Germany, Canada, Russia (Table 7.26). According to the forecast, the production of refined copper in the world will continue to grow.

Table 7.26

Production of refined copper in leading countries, million tons

International trade in industry products. Consumption of refined copper is mainly concentrated in countries with a high level of industrial development (with a developed and diverse electrical industry: China, the USA, Japan, Germany, the Republic of Korea, Italy, Taiwan, which are the largest consumers of copper). The G7 countries alone account for about 70% of global copper consumption. Demand for copper on the global market is generally at a high level. Among the major consumers of refined copper in last years A group of Asian states came forward, as well as South Africa and Latin American countries - Brazil and Mexico.

Japan and Germany are recognized as the largest importers of copper ore raw materials. Most developed countries import primarily blister copper, such as Belgium from its former African colony (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo), or import refined copper. Thus, on the world market already in the late 1990s. exports of refined copper accounted for more than 50% of production, including almost 1 million tons of refined copper exported from the CIS countries.

Largest exporters refined copper - Chile, Russia, Peru, Kazakhstan, Japan, Canada, Australia, Zambia, Poland. Copper exporting countries created the CIPEC association in 1967, which included Chile, Peru, Zambia and Zaire, which tried to protect their interests in the world trade in copper ore raw materials. Later, Indonesia, Australia, Mauritania, Papua New Guinea, and Yugoslavia joined this group of countries. The share of these countries in ore mining and blister copper production is very significant, but in consumption it is still small.

Russia, like Kazakhstan, is now one of the largest suppliers of copper to the world market. The costs of its production in our country are significantly lower than the world level; export is beneficial for both producers and the state. But main reason there still remains a decline in copper consumption in our country in the 1990s, due to the general decline in industrial production.

Largest importers refined copper - USA, France, o. Taiwan, Germany, Italy, Republic of Korea, Great Britain, Japan.

In the copper industry (as in many other sectors of non-ferrous metallurgy), key positions belong to the largest TNCs.