Correct spelling of axes in construction. Construction drawings, coordination axes

A building or any structure in plan is divided by conventional center lines into a number of segments. These lines defining the position of the main load-bearing structures are called longitudinal and transverse coordination axes.

The interval between the coordination axes in the building plan is called the step, and in the predominant direction the step can be longitudinal or transverse.

If the distance between the coordinate longitudinal axes coincides with the span, floor or coating of the main supporting structure, then this interval is called a span.

For floor height N This is the distance from the floor level of the selected floor to the floor level of the floor above. The height of the upper floor is determined using the same principle, whereby the thickness of the attic floor is assumed to be conditionally equal to the thickness of the interfloor floor c. In industrial one-story buildings, the height of the floor is equal to the distance from the floor to bottom surface coating designs.

In order to determine relative position parts of the building use a grid of coordination axes that defines bearing structures of this building.

Drawing of coordination axes.

Coordination axes are dashed with thin dotted lines and marked inside circles with a diameter of 6 to 12 mm. The diameter of the circles must correspond to the scale of the drawing: 6 mm - for 1:400 or less; 8 mm - for 1:200 - 1:100; 10 mm - for 1:50; 12 mm for 1:25; 1:20; 1:10. The direction of marking of axes is applied from left to right, horizontally and from bottom to top, vertically.

If the coordination axes of opposite sides of the plan do not coincide, the designations of the indicated axes in places of discrepancy are additionally applied along the top and/or right sides. For individual elements located between the coordination axes of the main load-bearing structures, additional axes are drawn and designated as a fraction:

above the line indicate the designation of the previous coordination axis;
below the line is an additional serial number within the area between adjacent coordination axes in accordance with the figure.

It is allowed to assign numerical and letter designations to the coordination axes of half-timbered columns in continuation of the designations of the axes of the main columns without an additional number.

The binding of coordination axes occurs according to the rules described in paragraph 4 GOST 28984-91. Example:

The binding of load-bearing walls made of piece materials to the coordination axes should be carried out in compliance with the following rules:

a) when the covering slabs are supported directly on the walls, the inner surface of the wall should be spaced from the longitudinal coordination axis by a distance of 130 mm for walls made of bricks and 150 mm for walls made of blocks;
b) when supporting the covering structures (beams) on the walls, with a brick wall thickness of 380 mm or more (for blocks 400 m or more), the longitudinal coordination axis should pass at a distance of 250 mm from the inner surface of the wall (300 mm for a wall made of blocks);
c) at brick walls 380 mm thick with pilasters 130 mm wide, the distance from the longitudinal axis to the inner surface of the wall should be 130 mm;
d) with brick walls of any thickness with pilasters more than 130 mm thick inner surface the walls are aligned with the coordination axis (“zero” reference);
e) the binding of the load-bearing end wall when resting the covering slabs on it should be the same as when resting the covering slabs on the longitudinal wall;
f) the geometric axes of the internal load-bearing walls must be aligned with the coordination axes.

When supporting floor slabs to their full thickness load-bearing wall it is allowed to combine the outer coordination plane of the walls with the coordination axis (Fig. 9d).

Marking of coordination axes.

Coordination axes are marked in Arabic numerals and capital letters, with the exception of the symbols: 3, J, O, X, S, b, b. The numbers indicate the axes on the side of the building with the largest number of coordination axes. Axes markings are usually located on the left and bottom sides of the building plan. Height of the font indicating coordination axes one or two numbers are selected larger than the number of numbers on the same sheet. Gaps in digital and letter designations of coordination axes are not allowed.

In the image of a repeating element attached to several coordination axes, the coordination axes are designated in accordance with the figure:

“a” - when the number of coordination axes is no more than 3;
“b” - “ “ “ “ more than 3;
“in” - for all letter and digital coordination axes.

If necessary, the orientation of the coordination axis to which the element is attached in relation to the adjacent axis is indicated in accordance with the figure.

The construction of the main elements of buildings is carried out using modular coordination of dimensions in construction (MDCS), according to which the dimensions of the main space-planning elements of the building must be a multiple of the module.
The main module is assumed to be 100 mm.
The main structural elements (load-bearing walls, columns) of the building are located along the modular coordination axes(longitudinal and transverse). The distance between coordination axes in low-rise buildings is taken as multiples of the 3M module (300 mm).
To determine the relative position of building elements, it is used grid of coordination axes.
Coordination axes are drawn with dash-dot thin lines and are indicated, as a rule, on the left and lower sides of the plan, marked, starting from the lower left corner, with Arabic numerals (from left to right) and capital letters of the Russian alphabet (from bottom to top) in circles with a diameter of 6 ... 12 mm (Fig. .2).

Rice. 2. Example of marking of coordination axes

Dimensions on construction drawings they are indicated in millimeters and are applied, as a rule, in the form of a closed chain.
Dimension lines are limited by serifs - short strokes 2 ... 4 mm long, drawn with an inclination to the right at an angle of 45° to the dimension line. Dimension lines should protrude beyond the outer extension lines by 1 ... 3 mm. The dimension number is located above the dimension line at a distance of 1 ... 2 mm (Fig. 3, a).
To indicate cutting plane position For a section or cross-section of a building, an open line is used in the form of separate thickened strokes with arrows indicating the direction of view. The cut line is indicated in Arabic numerals (Fig. 3, c). The starting and ending strokes should not cross the outline of the image.
The height dimensions of buildings (floor heights) are assigned as multiples of the modules. Floor height of a building is defined as the distance from the floor level of a given floor to the floor level of the floor above it. In residential building projects, the floor height is assumed to be 2.8; 3.0; 3.3 m.
High-rise drawings are applied on facades and sections. marks level of an element or structure of a building from any design level taken as zero. Most often, the level of the finished floor (floor covering) of the first floor is taken as the zero level (mark ±0.000).
Level marks are indicated in meters with three decimal places without indicating units of length and are placed on extension lines in the form of an arrow with a shelf. The sides of the right angle of the arrow are drawn as a solid thick main line at an angle of 45° to the extension line (Fig. 4).

Rice. 3. Drawing the dimensions and positions of the cuts:

a – dimensions and dimension lines; b – view direction arrow;
c – positions of the cuts

Rice. 4. Applying level marks on views:

a – dimensions of the level mark; b – examples of location and design
level signs on sections and sections; c – the same, with explanatory inscriptions;
d – example of a level sign on the plans

The marking sign may be accompanied by explanatory inscriptions: Ur.ch.p. – finished floor level; Ur.z. - ground level.
Marks on the plans are made in rectangles (Fig. 4, d). Levels above the zero level are indicated with a plus sign (for example, + 2.700), below zero - with a minus sign (for example, – 0.200).
The following are accepted in the construction drawings: names types of buildings.
IN names of plans of the building, the level of the finished floor of the floor, the floor number or the designation of the corresponding plane is indicated; when executing a part of the plan - the axes limiting this part, for example:
Plan at elevation +3,000;
2nd floor plan;
Plan 3–3;
Plan at elevation 0.000 in axes 21–39, A–D.
IN names of sections building, the designation of the corresponding cutting plane is indicated (in Arabic numerals), for example, Section 1–1.
IN names of facades building, the extreme axes between which the façade is located are indicated, for example:
Façade 1–5;
Façade 12–1;
Façade A–G.
For multilayer structures callouts, located on shelves in a straight line,
ending with an arrow (Fig. 5). The sequence of inscriptions (material or design of layers indicating their thickness) for individual layers must correspond to the sequence of their location in the drawing from top to bottom and from left to right.
On leader lines, ending with a shelf, are placed additional explanations to the drawing or item numbers of elements in the specification.

Rice. 5. Examples of callouts

Graphic symbols materials in sections and sections of buildings and structures are given in the appendix. 3. The distance between parallel hatching lines is selected within 1 ... 10 mm depending on the hatching area and image scale. Designations of materials are not used in drawings if the material is homogeneous, if the dimensions of the image do not allow the application of a symbol.
Conventional graphic images of building elements and sanitary installations are given in the appendix. 4.

Appendix 3

GRAPHIC DESIGNATION OF MATERIALS IN SECTIONS,
SECTIONS AND TYPES

Appendix 4

GRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS OF BUILDING ELEMENTS

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Coordination axes are applied to images of buildings and structures with thin dash-dotted lines with long strokes, denoted by Arabic numerals and capital letters of the Russian alphabet (with the exception of the letters: Е, З, И, О, b) in circles with a diameter of 6–12 mm.

Gaps in digital and alphabetic (except for those indicated) designations of coordination axes are not allowed.

The numbers indicate the coordination axes on the side of the building and structure with a large number of axes. If there are not enough letters of the alphabet to designate the coordination axes, subsequent axes are designated by two letters.

Example - AA; BB; BB.

The sequence of digital and letter designations of the coordination axes is taken according to the plan from left to right and from bottom to top (Figure 10 A) or as shown in figures 10 b,V.

The designation of coordination axes, as a rule, is applied on the left and lower sides of the plan of the building and structure.

If the coordination axes of opposite sides of the plan do not coincide, the designations of these axes in the places of discrepancy are additionally applied on the top and/or right sides.

For individual elements located between the coordination axes of the main load-bearing structures, additional axes are drawn and designated as a fraction:

The designation of the previous coordination axis is indicated above the line;

Below the line is an additional serial number within the area between adjacent coordination axes in accordance with Figure 10 G.

Figure 10 – Designations of coordination axes

In the image of a repeating element tied to several coordination axes, the coordination axes are designated in accordance with Figure 11:

- “a” - when the number of coordination axes is no more than 3;

- “b” - “ “ “ “ more than 3;

- “in” - for all letter and digital coordination axes.

If necessary, the orientation of the coordination axis to which the element is attached, in relation to the adjacent axis, is indicated in accordance with Figure 11 G.

Figure 11 – Orientation of coordination axes

To designate the coordination axes of block sections of residential buildings, the index “c” is used.

Example - 1s, 2s, Ac, Bs.

On the plans of residential buildings composed of block sections, the designations of the extreme coordination axes of the block sections are indicated without an index in accordance with Figure 12.

Figure 12 – Designation of coordination axes

in block sections

Applying dimensions, slopes, marks, inscriptions. Linear dimensions and maximum deviations Linear dimensions in the drawings are indicated in millimeters, without indicating the unit of measurement.

The dimension line at its intersection with extension lines, contour lines or center lines is limited by serifs in the form of thick main lines 2–4 mm long, drawn with an inclination to the right at an angle of 45° to the dimension line by 1–3 mm.

When applying a diameter or radius dimension inside a circle, as well as an angular dimension, the dimension line is limited by arrows. Arrows are also used when drawing dimensions of radii and internal fillets.

When applying the size of a straight segment, the dimension line is drawn parallel to this segment, and extension lines – perpendicular to the dimension lines.

It is preferable to apply dimensions outside the outline of the image, avoiding, if possible, intersections of extension and dimension lines. If it is necessary to apply a dimension in a shaded area, the corresponding dimension number is placed on the shelf of the leader line.

The minimum distance between parallel dimension lines should be 7 mm, and between the dimension line and the contour line - 10 mm and is selected depending on the size and shape of the image, as well as the saturation of the drawing.

Dimensional numbers are applied above the dimension line, as close as possible to its middle.

Level marks (heights, depths) of structural elements, equipment, pipelines, air ducts, etc. from the reference level (the conventional “zero” mark) are indicated by a conventional sign in accordance with Figure 13 and are indicated in meters with three decimal places, separated from the whole number by a comma.

Figure 13 – Level mark designation

The “zero” mark, usually accepted for the surface of any structural element of a building or structure located near the planning surface of the earth, is indicated without a sign; marks above zero - with a “+” sign; below zero - with a “-” sign.

On views (elements), sections and sections, marks are indicated on extension lines or contour lines in accordance with Figure 14, on plans - in a rectangle in accordance with Figure 15.

Figure 14 – Indication of level marks on sections

Figure 15 – Indicating marks on plans

On the plans, the direction of the slope of the planes is indicated by an arrow, above which, if necessary, the value of the slope is indicated as a percentage in accordance with Figure 16 or as a ratio of height and length (for example, 1:7).

It is allowed, if necessary, to indicate the slope value in ppm, in the form decimal accurate to the third decimal place. On drawings and diagrams, the sign “Ð” is placed before the dimensional number that determines the magnitude of the slope. sharp corner which should be directed towards the slope.

The slope designation is applied directly above the contour line or on the shelf of the leader line.

Figure 16 - Indicating the direction and magnitude of the plane slope

Near the images on the shelves of leader lines, only short inscriptions are applied directly to the image of the object, for example, indications of the number of structural elements (holes, grooves, etc.), if they are not included in the table, as well as indications of the front side, direction rolled products, fibers, etc.

A leader line that intersects the contour of the image and does not depart from any line ends with a dot (Figure 17 A).

The leader line, drawn from the lines of the visible and invisible contour, as well as from the lines indicating surfaces, ends with an arrow (Figure 17 b,V).

Figure 17 – Drawing leader lines

Labels for multilayer structures should be made in accordance with Figure 18.

Figure 18 – Labeling multilayer structures

Position numbers (brands of elements) are placed on the shelves of leader lines drawn from images of the component parts of the object, next to the image without a leader line or within the contours of the depicted parts of the object in accordance with Figure 19.

In small-scale images, leader lines end without an arrow or a dot.

Figure 19 – Drawing the positions of the elements of objects

Leader lines should not intersect each other, be non-parallel to the hatch lines (if the leader line runs along a shaded field) and, if possible, not intersect dimension lines and image elements that do not include the inscription placed on the shelf.

It is allowed to make leader lines with one break (Figure 20), as well as draw two or more leader lines from one shelf (Figure 21).

Inscriptions related directly to the image can contain no more than two lines, located above and below the leader line shelf.

The font size for indicating coordination axes and positions (marks) should be one to two numbers larger than the font size adopted for dimensional numbers in the same drawing.

The text part placed on the drawing field is placed above the main inscription.

It is not allowed to place images, tables, etc. between the text part and the main inscription.

On sheets larger than A1, text may be placed in two or more columns. The column width should be no more than 185 mm.

Tables are placed in the free space of the drawing field to the right of the image or below it.

Tables placed on the drawing are numbered within the drawing if there are references to them in the technical requirements. In this case, the word “Table” with a serial number (without the No. sign) is placed above the table on the right.

If there is only one table in the drawing, then it is not numbered and the word “Table” is not written.

When making a drawing on two or more sheets, the text part is placed only on the first sheet, regardless of which sheets contain the images to which the instructions given in the text part relate.

Inscriptions relating to individual elements of an object and placed on the shelves of leader lines are placed on those sheets of the drawing on which they are most necessary for ease of reading the drawing.

The inscriptions on the drawings are not underlined.

To designate images (types, sections, sections), surfaces, dimensions and other elements of the product in the drawing, capital letters of the Russian alphabet are used, with the exception of the letters Y, O, X, Ъ, ы, ь.

Letter designations are assigned in alphabetical order without repetition and, as a rule, without gaps, regardless of the number of sheets of the drawing. It is preferable to label the images first.

In case of a lack of letters, numerical indexing is used, for example: “Type A”; "View A 1"; "View A 2"; "B-B"; "B 1 -B 1"; "B 2 -B 2". Letter designations are underlined.

If symbols are applied by machine, they may not be underlined.

The font size of letter symbols should be larger size the digits of the dimensional numbers used in the same drawing are approximately doubled.

The scale of the image in the drawing, which differs from that indicated in the main inscription, is indicated directly under the inscription related to the image, for example:

If in a drawing it is difficult to find additional images (sections, dimensions, additional views, extension elements) due to the large saturation of the drawing or its execution on two or more sheets, then additional images are marked indicating the sheet numbers or designations of the zones on which these images are placed (Figure 22).

Figure 22 – Indication of sheet numbers in addition to the image

In these cases, above the additional images, their designations indicate the sheet numbers or designations of the zones on which the additional images are marked (Figure 23).

Figure 23 – Making inscriptions on additional images

The interval between the coordination axes in the building plan is called the step, and in the predominant direction the step can be longitudinal or transverse.

Marking of coordination axes

If the distance between the coordinate longitudinal axes coincides with the span, floor or coating of the main supporting structure, then this interval is called a span.

Floor height in a multi-storey residential building

The height of the floor H fl is taken to be the distance from the floor level of the selected floor to the floor level of the floor above. The height of the upper floor is determined using the same principle, whereby the thickness of the attic floor is assumed to be conditionally equal to the thickness of the interfloor floor c. In industrial one-story buildings, the height of the floor is equal to the distance from the floor to the bottom surface of the coating structure.

In order to determine the relative position of parts of a building, a grid of coordination axes is used, which defines the load-bearing structures of a given building.

Coordination axes are dashed with thin dotted lines and marked inside circles with a diameter of 6 to 12 mm.

Floor height in a one-story building

Coordination axes are marked in Arabic numerals and capital letters, with the exception of the symbols: 3, И, О, X, И, ъ, ь.

The height of the font indicating the coordination axes is chosen to be one or two numbers larger than the size of the numbers on the same sheet.

The numbers indicate the axes on the side of the building with the largest number of coordination axes.

The direction of marking of axes is applied from left to right, horizontally and from bottom to top, vertically.

Axes markings are usually located on the left and bottom sides of the building plan.

The coordination axis of the outer wall is located at a distance a = 100 mm, observing the indentation for installing floor slabs.

Coordination axes of external and interior walls

1 – Foundations and blocks; 2 – foundations; 3 – columns of the outermost row; 4 – columns of the middle row; 5 – crane beams; 6 – roof beams; 7 – coating slabs;

8 – Drain funnel; 9 – insulation and roofing; 10 – parapet; 11 – wall panels;

12 – Window frames; 13 – floor; 14 – lantern; 15 – roof trusses

Brands of main sets of working drawings (selection from GOST R 21.1101-2009)

The letters a, b, c indicate the longitudinal coordination axes;

The numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 indicate the transverse coordination axes

1) Middle column; 2) crane beam; 3) floor slabs;

4) Wall panel; 5) rafter beam; 6) wall column

A) in the middle rows; b-e) in the outer rows; e) at the ends; g-i) in places of height difference, expansion and expansion joints (on paired columns)

3.1. Conventional graphic images on drawings of buildings and engineering systems

Representation of sanitary installations on plans

A) grid of coordination axes; b) attaching walls, marking partitions; c) drawing details; d) sizing and design

A) drawing the axes and contours of the building; b, c) marking and drawing details of the facade; d) sizing and design

A) drawing axes and horizontal levels; b) image of the contours of the main structural elements of the building; c) drawing details of the building’s interior; d) sizing and design

Different floors on the plan: a) staircase in section; b, c, d) plans of stairs on different floors

d) e)

Fig.7.Options for drawing coordination axes

are marked with letters from the center to the periphery and numbers - from the left horizontal axis clockwise (Fig. 7 a,7c). Axes are usually marked on the bottom and left sides of the building plan. If the axes of the opposite sides of the building do not coincide, then they are marked on each side accordingly (Fig. 7g

). For any elements For structures located between the coordination axes of the main load-bearing structures (for example, columns in a building diagram with an incomplete frame), additional axes are applied. These axes are designated by a fraction: the numerator indicates the designation of the previous coordination axis, and the denominator indicates an additional serial number within the area between adjacent coordination axes (Fig.

7d

). It is allowed not to assign additional numbers to the axes of half-timbered columns, but to designate them in continuation of the designation of the axes of the main columns. 2.3. Snap walls to coordination axes In building drawings, the role of a coordinate grid is played by the coordination axes of the main walls. After drawing the coordination axes on the plan, perform

Coordination axes do not always coincide with the geometric axes of the walls. Their position is set taking into account the dimensions of standard span structures of beams, trusses and floor slabs. In the example in Fig. For clarity, Figure 8 partially shows the layout of the floor panels and their support on the walls. The panels are drawn in rectangles with thin diagonals.

Fig.8.Links of main walls on the building plan

Linking walls to modular coordination axes in buildings with load-bearing longitudinal or transverse walls is carried out based on the following instructions:

on internal walls, their geometric axis, as a rule, corresponds

fits with the coordination axis (Fig. 9, A; rice. 8, axis B, axis 3);

it is allowed not to combine geometric and coordination

axes of staircase walls, walls with ventilation ducts, etc.;

within the walls stairwells the axes are drawn at a distance that is a multiple of the module from the inner (facing the stairs) face of the wall (Fig. 9, b; rice. 8, axis 2);

in external load-bearing walls the coordination axis is drawn from

a B C D)

Fig.9.Options for anchoring load-bearing walls

the inner (facing the room) edge of the wall at a distance equal to half the thickness of the corresponding internal load-bearing wall (Fig. 9, V; rice. 8, A-axis, B axis, axis 4);

in external self-supporting walls the so-called

zero binding – the coordination axis is aligned with the internal

the edge of the wall - (Fig. 9, G; rice. 8, axis 1);

if the outer wall is load-bearing in different sections

cabbage soup ( section of wall along axis A between axes 1 and 3) and self-supporting ( section of wall along axis A between axes 3 and 4), then the coordination axis is oriented along the load-bearing section (Fig. 8);

the binding of columns and walls of industrial buildings depends on their

position in one of the rows (middle, extreme or end); Variants of such bindings are shown in Fig. 10.

A) b) V)

G) d) e)

and) h) And)

Fig. 10.Attaching columns to coordination axes:

1. Rules for the preparation of architectural and construction drawings (according to GOST 21.501-93): implementation of the building plan.

General information.

Basic and working drawings are made in line drawings, using lines of different thicknesses, thereby achieving the necessary expressiveness of the image. In this case, the elements included in the section are highlighted with a thicker line, and the visible areas beyond the section are highlighted with a thinner line. The smallest thickness of lines made in pencil is approximately 0.3 mm, in ink - 0.2 mm, the maximum line thickness is 1.5 mm. The thickness of the line is selected depending on the scale of the drawing and its content - plan, facade, section or detail.

Scale images in the drawings should be selected from the following series: for reduction -1:2;

1:5; 1:10; 1:20; 1:25; 1:50; 1: 100; 1: 200; 1: 400; 1: 500; 1: 800; 1: 1000; 1: 2000; 1: 5000; 1:10,000; for magnification - 2:1; 10:1; 20:1; 50:1; 100:1.

with long strokes and are indicated by marks that are placed in circles. On building plans, longitudinal axes are usually placed to the left of the drawing, and transverse axes are located below. If the location of the axes of opposite sides of the plan does not coincide, then their markings are placed on all sides of the plan. In this case, the numbering is continuous. The transverse axes are marked with ordinal Arabic numerals from left to right, and the longitudinal axes are marked with capital letters of the Russian alphabet (except E, Z, J, O, X, Y, E)

down up.

The diameter of the circles must correspond to the scale of the drawing: 6 mm - for 1:400 or less;
To apply dimensions, dimension and extension lines are drawn in the drawing. Dimension lines (external) are drawn outside the outline of the drawing in an amount from two to four in accordance with the nature of the object and the design stage. On the first line from the drawing the dimensions of the smallest divisions are indicated, on the next ones - the larger ones. The last dimension line indicates the total size between the extreme axes with these axes tied to the outer edges of the walls. Dimension lines should be drawn so that the drawing itself is not difficult to read.
Based on this, the first line is drawn at a distance from the drawing no closer than 15-21 mm. The distance between the dimension lines is 6-8 mm.

Segments on dimension lines corresponding to the dimensions of external wall elements (windows, piers, etc.) are limited by extension lines, which should be drawn starting at a short distance (3-4 mm) from the drawing, until they intersect with the dimension line. The intersections are recorded with notches having a slope of 45°. For very closely spaced small dimensions in the drawings of parts and assemblies, serifs may be replaced with dots. Dimension lines should protrude beyond the outer extension lines by 1-3 mm. On the internal dimension lines indicate linear dimensions

rooms, the thickness of partitions and internal walls, the width of door openings, etc. These lines should be drawn at a sufficient distance from the internal edges of walls or partitions so as not to make the drawing difficult to read.

Rules for preparing plan drawings in accordance with the requirements of ESKD and SPDS (schematic drawing): a - coordination axes; b - dimension lines; in-leader lines; g - area of premises; d - cut lines (dimensions are given in millimeters).

^ Dimension and extension lines are drawn with a thin solid line. All dimensions are given in millimeters without dimension designation. The numbers are placed above the dimension line parallel to it and, if possible, closer to the middle of the segment. The height of the numbers is selected depending on the scale of the drawing and must be at least 2.5 mm when done in ink and 3.5 mm when done in pencil. Marks determine the position of architectural and structural elements on sections and facades, and on plans - in the presence of differences in floor levels. Level marks are counted from a conventional zero level, which for buildings is usually taken to be the level of the finished floor or the top edge of the first floor. Marks below zero are indicated with a “-” sign, marks above zero are indicated without a sign.

The numerical value of the marks is given in meters with three decimal places without indicating the dimension.

Rules for applying marks, dimensions and other designations on sections in accordance with the requirements of ESKD and SPDS (schematic drawing).

To indicate a mark on facades, sections and sections, use a symbol in the form of an arrow with the sides inclined to the horizontal at an angle of 45°, based on the contour line of the element (for example, the edge of the plane of the finished floor or ceiling) or on the extension line of the level of the element (for example, the top or the bottom of a window opening, horizontal projections, external walls). In this case, marks of external elements are taken outside the drawing, and internal elements are placed inside the drawing.

The magnitude of the slope on sections should be indicated in the form of a simple or decimal fraction (up to the third digit) and indicated by a special sign, the acute angle of which is directed towards the slope.

This designation is placed above the contour line or on the shelf of the leader line On the plans, the direction of the slope of the planes should be indicated by an arrow indicating the magnitude of the slope above it

Designation of cuts and sections

^ shown by an open line (trace of the beginning and end of the cutting plane), which is taken out of the image. With a complex broken section, traces of the intersection of cutting planes are shown At a distance of 2-3 mm from the ends of the open line outside the drawing, arrows are drawn that indicate the direction of view. Sections and sections are marked with numbers or letters of the Russian alphabet, which are located under the arrows in transverse sections and on the outside of the arrows in longitudinal sections. For the design and dimensions of the arrows, see the figure on the right. Designation of premises areas. with two decimal places without dimension designation, are usually placed in the lower right corner of the plan of each room. The numbers underline.

In the drawings of residential building projects, in addition, the residential and usable (total) area of each apartment is marked, which is indicated by a fraction, the numerator of which indicates the residential apartment area, in the denominator - useful. The fraction is preceded by a number indicating the number of rooms in the apartment. This designation is placed on the plan of a large room or, if the drawing area allows, on the plan of the front room.

^ Callouts, explaining the names of individual structural parts in nodes, are placed on a broken leader line, the inclined section of which with a dot or arrow at the end faces the part, and the horizontal section serves as a shelf - the basis for the inscription.

If the drawing is on a small scale, it is allowed to end the leader line without an arrow or a dot.

Inscriptions for multilayer structures are applied in the form of so-called “flags”.

The sequence of inscriptions relating to individual layers must correspond to the order of the layers in the structure from top to bottom or from left to right. The thickness of the layers is indicated in millimeters without dimension. Marks of structural elements on layout diagrams are applied on the shelves of leader lines.

It is allowed to combine several leader lines with a common shelf or place a mark without a leader next to the image of the elements or within the outline.

The font size for designating brands must be larger than the font size of the dimensional numbers on the same drawing

Technical construction drawings are accompanied by names of individual images, text explanations, specification tables, etc. For these purposes, a standard straight font with a letter height of 2.5 is used; 3.5; 7; 10; 14 mm. In this case, the font height is 5; 7; 10 mm is used for the names of the graphic part of the drawing;

^ 2.5 and 3.5 mm high - for text material (notes, filling out a stamp, etc.), 10 and 14 mm high - mainly for the design of illustrative drawings. The names of the images are located above the drawings.

These names and headings of text explanations are underlined line by line with a solid line. The headings of specifications and other tables are placed above them, but not underlined.

Floor plan. In the names of plans in the drawings, it is necessary to comply with the accepted terminology; architectural plans should indicate the finished floor mark or floor number, for example, “Plan at elevation. 0.000”, “Plan of 3-16 floors”, it is allowed to indicate the purpose of the floor premises in the names of the plans, for example “Plan of the technical underground”, “Plan of the attic” Floor plan depicted as a section by a horizontal plane passing at the level of window and doorways(slightly above the window sill) or 1/3 of the height of the depicted floor. When there are multi-tiered windows on one floor, the plan is depicted within

window openings

lower tier. All structural elements included in the section (steles, pillars, columns) are outlined with a thick line

The floor plans are marked with: 1) the coordination axes of the building with a dash-dot thin line; 2) chains of external and internal dimensions, including the distances between the coordination axes, the thickness of walls, partitions, the dimensions of window and door openings (in this case

inner dimensions

applied inside the drawing, external ones - outside);

3) level marks for finished floors (only if the floors are located at different levels);

4) cut lines (cut lines are drawn, as a rule, in such a way that the cut includes openings of windows, external gates and doors);

5) marking of window and door openings, lintels (marking of gate and door openings is allowed in circles with a diameter of 5 mm);

5) designations of nodes and fragments of plans;

6) names of premises, their area

It is allowed to give the names of premises and their areas in an explication according to Form 2. In this case, instead of the names of the premises, their numbers are indicated on the plans.

Built-in premises and other areas of the building, for which separate drawings are made, are depicted schematically with a solid thin line showing load-bearing structures.

Platforms, mezzanines and other structures located above the cutting plane are depicted schematically with a dash-dot thin line with two dots

^ An example of a floor plan for a residential building:

Floor plan elements.

Walls made of lightweight concrete blocks. ^ Symbol in plan:

The wall thickness is a multiple of 100mm.

The thickness of the internal (load-bearing) wall is min 200 mm.

The thickness of the external walls is 500, 600 mm + 50, 100 mm of insulation.

The dimensions of the standard block are 390x190x190mm.

^ The walls are brick.

The wall thickness is a multiple of 130mm (130, 250, 380, 510, 640mm).

The thickness of the internal (load-bearing) wall is 250, 380 mm.

The thickness of the external walls is 510, 640 mm + 50, 100 mm of insulation.

Dimensions of ordinary ceramic bricks are 250x120x65(88) mm.

^ Walls made of timber.

Wall thickness (150) 180, 220 mm.

The thickness of the external walls is 180, 220 mm.

^ The walls are made of logs.

Wall thickness 180, 200, 220 - 320 mm (multiples of 20mm).

The thickness of the internal (load-bearing) wall is min 180 mm.

The thickness of the external walls is 180 - 320 mm.

^ Walls - wooden frame filled with effective insulation.

The thickness of the frame post is 100, 150, 180 mm + 40-50 mm of double-sided cladding.

The thickness of the internal (load-bearing) wall is 100 + 40-50 mm.

The thickness of the external walls is 150, 180 + 40-50 mm.

Partitions:

made of lightweight concrete blocks, thickness 190mm;

brick, thickness 120mm;

three-layer wooden, thickness 75mm;

plasterboard metal frame, thickness 50-70mm.

Window openings:

in brick walls;

in timber, log and frame walls.

External doorways:

in walls made of lightweight concrete blocks;

brick walls;

and frame walls.

Internal doorways:

for all types of walls.

Coordination axes (see Chapter 1.4) are indicated on all projections of the building. The rules for their depiction and designation are regulated by GOST R 21.1101-2009. Coordination axes are drawn with dash-dot lines and are designated in capital letters of the Russian alphabet strictly in alphabetical order (except for the letters E, Z, J, O, X, Ts, Ch, Shch, Ъ, ы, b) or Arabic numerals in counting order in circles with a diameter of 6 ...12 mm (Fig. 7). The font size for indicating the coordination axes is taken to be one or two larger than the font size of the dimensional numbers in the same drawing. Numbers mark the axes along

side of the building with more axes from left to right in the sequence determined by the plan. Letters mark the longitudinal axes of the building from bottom to top - also in the sequence determined by the plan (Fig. 7 b,7d,7d).

For buildings that are round in plan, the axis of the mar-

d) e)

Fig.7.Options for drawing coordination axes

7d

Fig.8.Links of main walls on the building plan

Linking walls to modular coordination axes in buildings with load-bearing longitudinal or transverse walls is carried out based on the following instructions:

on internal walls, their geometric axis, as a rule, corresponds

fits with the coordination axis (Fig. 9, A; rice. 8, axis B, axis 3);

it is allowed not to combine geometric and coordination

to them structural elements, primarily external and internal load-bearing walls and supports. The binding is carried out by setting dimensions from the axis to both faces of the wall or column. In this case, the axis of the wall is not drawn along its entire length, but is extended only by the amount necessary to set the reference size. It is customary to draw the axes of supporting columns with two mutually perpendicular segments of dash-dotted lines.

axes of staircase walls, walls with ventilation ducts, etc.; b; rice. 8, axis 2);

in external load-bearing walls the coordination axis is drawn from

a B C D)

Fig.9.Options for anchoring load-bearing walls

the inner (facing the room) edge of the wall at a distance equal to half the thickness of the corresponding internal load-bearing wall (Fig. 9, V; rice. 8, A-axis, B axis, axis 4);

in external self-supporting walls the so-called

zero binding – the coordination axis is aligned with the internal

the edge of the wall - (Fig. 9, G; rice. 8, axis 1);

in the walls of staircases, the axes are drawn at a distance that is a multiple of the module from the inner (facing the stairs) face of the wall (Fig. 9, If outer wall

the binding of columns and walls of industrial buildings depends on their

position in one of the rows (middle, extreme or end); Variants of such bindings are shown in Fig. 10.

A) b) V)

G) d) e)

and) h) And)

Fig. 10.Attaching columns to coordination axes:

1. Rules for the preparation of architectural and construction drawings (according to GOST 21.501-93): implementation of the building plan.

General information.

is in its different areas bearing

Scale images in the drawings should be selected from the following series: for reduction -1:2;

1:5; 1:10; 1:20; 1:25; 1:50; 1: 100; 1: 200; 1: 400; 1: 500; 1: 800; 1: 1000; 1: 2000; 1: 5000; 1:10,000; for magnification - 2:1; 10:1; 20:1; 50:1; 100:1.

The choice of scale depends on the content of the drawing (plans, elevations, sections, details) and the size of the object depicted in the drawing. Plans, facades, sections of small buildings are usually made on a scale of 1:50; drawings of large buildings are carried out on a smaller scale - 1:100 or 1:200; very large industrial buildings sometimes require a scale of 1:400 - 1:500. Components and parts of any buildings are made on a scale of 1:2 - 1:25. Basic and working drawings are made in line drawings, using lines of different thicknesses, thereby achieving the necessary expressiveness of the image. In this case, the elements included in the section are highlighted with a thicker line, and the visible areas beyond the section are highlighted with a thinner line. The smallest thickness of lines made in pencil is approximately 0.3 mm, in ink - 0.2 mm, the maximum line thickness is 1.5 mm. The thickness of the line is selected depending on the scale of the drawing and its content - plan, facade, section or detail.

down up.

The font size for designating axes should be 1.5-2 times larger than the font size of the dimensional numbers used in the drawing. The marking of axes on sections, facades, components and parts must correspond to the plan. To apply dimensions, dimension and extension lines are drawn in the drawing. Dimension lines (external) are drawn outside the outline of the drawing in an amount from two to four in accordance with the nature of the object and the design stage. On the first line from the drawing the dimensions of the smallest divisions are indicated, on the next ones - the larger ones. The last dimension line indicates the total size between the extreme axes with these axes tied to the outer edges of the walls. Dimension lines should be drawn so that the drawing itself is not difficult to read.

Based on this, the first line is drawn at a distance from the drawing no closer than 15-21 mm. The distance between the dimension lines is 6-8 mm. Segments on dimension lines corresponding to the dimensions of external wall elements (windows, piers, etc.) are limited by extension lines, which should be drawn starting at a short distance (3-4 mm) from the drawing, until they intersect with the dimension line.
rooms, the thickness of partitions and internal walls, the width of door openings, etc. These lines should be drawn at a sufficient distance from the internal edges of walls or partitions so as not to make the drawing difficult to read.

The intersections are recorded with notches having a slope of 45°. For very closely spaced small dimensions in the drawings of parts and assemblies, serifs may be replaced with dots. Dimension lines should protrude beyond the outer extension lines by 1-3 mm. ^ Dimension and extension lines are drawn with a thin solid line. All dimensions are given in millimeters without dimension designation. The numbers are placed above the dimension line parallel to it and, if possible, closer to the middle of the segment. The height of the numbers is selected depending on the scale of the drawing and must be at least 2.5 mm when done in ink and 3.5 mm when done in pencil. Marks determine the position of architectural and structural elements on sections and facades, and on plans - in the presence of differences in floor levels. Level marks are counted from a conventional zero level, which for buildings is usually taken to be the level of the finished floor or the top edge of the first floor. Marks below zero are indicated with a “-” sign, marks above zero are indicated without a sign.

The numerical value of the marks is given in meters with three decimal places without indicating the dimension. The numerical value of the marks is given in meters with three decimal places without indicating the dimension.

On the plans, marks are made in a rectangle or on a leader line shelf indicating the “+” or “-” sign. On architectural plans, marks are usually placed in a rectangle; on structural drawings to indicate the bottom of channels, pits, and various openings in floors - on a leader line. ^ shown by an open line (trace of the beginning and end of the cutting plane), which is taken out of the image. With a complex broken section, traces of the intersection of cutting planes are shown At a distance of 2-3 mm from the ends of the open line outside the drawing, arrows are drawn that indicate the direction of view. Sections and sections are marked with numbers or letters of the Russian alphabet, which are located under the arrows in transverse sections and on the outside of the arrows in longitudinal sections. For the design and dimensions of the arrows, see the figure on the right. ^ Callouts, explaining the names of individual structural parts in nodes, are placed on a broken leader line, the inclined section of which with a dot or arrow at the end faces the part, and the horizontal section serves as a shelf - the basis for the inscription.

It is allowed to combine several leader lines with a common shelf or place a mark without a leader next to the image of the elements or within the outline.

The font size for designating brands must be larger than the font size of the dimensional numbers on the same drawing

These names and headings of text explanations are underlined line by line with a solid line. The headings of specifications and other tables are placed above them, but not underlined.

Floor plan. If the drawing is on a small scale, it is allowed to end the leader line without an arrow or a dot. Inscriptions for multilayer structures are applied in the form of so-called “flags”.

window openings

lower tier. All structural elements included in the section (steles, pillars, columns) are outlined with a thick line

inner dimensions

applied inside the drawing, external ones - outside);

3) level marks for finished floors (only if the floors are located at different levels);

4) cut lines (cut lines are drawn, as a rule, in such a way that the cut includes openings of windows, external gates and doors);

5) marking of window and door openings, lintels (marking of gate and door openings is allowed in circles with a diameter of 5 mm);

5) designations of nodes and fragments of plans;

6) names of premises, their area

It is allowed to give the names of premises and their areas in an explication according to Form 2. In this case, instead of the names of the premises, their numbers are indicated on the plans.

Built-in premises and other areas of the building, for which separate drawings are made, are depicted schematically with a solid thin line showing load-bearing structures.

Platforms, mezzanines and other structures located above the cutting plane are depicted schematically with a dash-dot thin line with two dots

^ An example of a floor plan for a residential building: Floor plan elements.

Walls made of lightweight concrete blocks. ^ Symbol in plan: It is allowed to combine several leader lines with a common shelf or place a mark without a leader next to the image of the elements or within the outline. ^ The walls are brick. The font size for designating brands must be larger than the font size of the dimensional numbers on the same drawing ^ Walls made of timber. depicted in the form of a section by a horizontal plane passing at the level of window and door openings (slightly above the window sill) or at 1/3 of the height of the depicted floor. When there are multi-tiered windows on one floor, the plan is depicted within the window openings of the lower tier. All structural elements included in the section (steles, pillars, columns) are outlined with a thick line ^ The walls are made of logs. 2) chains of external and internal dimensions, including the distances between the coordination axes, the thickness of walls, partitions, the dimensions of window and door openings (in this case, internal dimensions are applied inside the drawing, external ones - outside); ^ The wall thickness is a multiple of 100mm. The thickness of the internal (load-bearing) wall is min 200 mm. The thickness of the external walls is 500, 600 mm + 50, 100 mm of insulation. The dimensions of the standard block are 390x190x190mm. The thickness of the frame post is 100, 150, 180 mm + 40-50 mm of double-sided cladding. The thickness of the internal (load-bearing) wall is 100 + 40-50 mm. The thickness of the external walls is 150, 180 + 40-50 mm. Partitions: